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biochemistry Jonklaas > glycolysis > Flashcards

glycolysis Flashcards

1
Q

what glucose units are absorbed by intestine and transported to bloodstream

A

D-glucose

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2
Q

what do amylases do

A
  • randomly break down internal alpha 1-4 bonds
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3
Q

what will amylase not digest

A

cellulose

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4
Q

where is amylase located

A

in saliva and small intestine

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5
Q

what type of digestion doesn’t occur in the stomach

A

starch because it is stopped by HCL

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6
Q

what sugar is in the small intestine

A

alpha glucosidase (maltase)

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7
Q

what is D glucose

A

absorbed by intestine and transported to the bloodstreem

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8
Q

what bonds have energy

A

c-h, c-c and c-oH

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9
Q

you can capture energy from oxidizing what

A

carbon

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10
Q

what is an example of oxidizing energy from carbon

A
  • make reduced redox factors NADH
  • high energy compounds like PEP and 1,3 BPG
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11
Q

what is the most reduced state of carbon

A

CH2

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12
Q

what is the most oxidized state of carbon

A

CO2

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13
Q

where does glycolysis occur in prok

A

in the cytosol

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14
Q

in euk where does glycolysis occur

A

in the cytosol

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15
Q

where does Krebs, ETC/Ox phos occur

A

in the mitochondria

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16
Q

what do they do to the C’s in glycolysis

A

oxidize them to release energy

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17
Q

what do they capture some of the enrgy as

A

NADH and use it to make high energy phosphate 1,3-BPG and PEP

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18
Q

what do they make ATP from

A

substrate level phosphorylation

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19
Q

what atom do the steps involving atp + enolase

A

need Mg+2 because it is a metal ion cat

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20
Q

what are the main control points for glycolysis

A

step 1
step 3
step 10

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21
Q

how many Kcal do carbohydrates have

A

4 Kcal

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22
Q

what is the name of the glucose transporter and what transport does it do

A

GLUT4

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23
Q

in glut4 what does hexokinase do

A

traps Gle as G6P in cytosol

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24
Q

what does Metal ion catalysis by charge shielding do to the gamma phosphorous

A

makes it more accessible for nucleophillic attack C-6 oH

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25
Q

when fructose turns into glucose what intermediate is used

A

the enediol

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26
Q

describe phosphoglucose isomerase

A
  • rxn is reversible
    -general acid base catalysis
  • enediol intermediae
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27
Q

describe phosphofructokinase PFK

A
  • reversible step
  • adds phosphate groups to other molecules
    -MAIN CONTROL POINT
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28
Q

what does aldolase do

A

enzyme tht turns 1,6FBP to GAP and DHAP

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29
Q

describe aldolase

A

-lyase that removes dhap and gives double bond
- reversible because lyases are reversible

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30
Q

what clevage does aldolase go through

A

aldol cleavage
- retro/reverse aldol condensation

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31
Q

Triose Phosphate isomerase

A
  • reversible
    -general acid base catalysis
    -enediol intermediate
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32
Q

does equilibriym favor DHAP or GAP

A

it favors DHAP

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33
Q

what type of motif does triose phosphate isomerase (TIM) have

A

alpha/beta barrel fold

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34
Q

glycolysis stage II starts with what

A

GAP3DH) its a dehydrogenase

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35
Q

why is glyceraldehye-3-phosphate Dehydrogenase important

A

it generates the first high energy intermeduate

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36
Q

what does GAP3DH use to generate the intermediatre

A

inorganic Pi

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37
Q

what are dehydrogenases

A

reeox enzymes (oxireductases)

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38
Q

what is a oxireductase

A
  • electrons are transferred between molecules
  • example dehydrogenase
39
Q

what is a transferase

A
  • transfer functional groups like methyl and phosphate
    example: kinases
40
Q

what is a hydrolase

A

catalyze the cleavage of bonds through the addition of water
ex: proteases, nucleases, lipases

41
Q

what is a lyase

A

catalyze the addition or removal of groups to form double bonds or break
ex: decarboxylases, aldolases

42
Q

what is a ligase

A

catalyze the joining of two molecules
ex: dna ligase, synthetases

43
Q

what does isoermase

A

rearrangement of atoms within molecule
ex. epimerases, racemases

44
Q

how much NADH +h does GAP3DH generate per g;ucose

A

2 NADH + H+( from NAD)

45
Q

what are the proofs of the GAPDH mechanism

A

-phosphate source is inorganic
- hydride is transfereed to NADH to oxidize GAP

46
Q

what is vitamin B3

A

nicotinamide (NAD+/ NADP+)

47
Q

what are the enzymes of vitamin b3

A

Nad Nadp+

48
Q

what reaction is vitamin b 3 and what disorder can you get

A

oxidaton reduction and pellegra

49
Q

what structure is this

A

nicotinamide adenine phosphate or dinucleotide

50
Q

what are the redox cofactors

A

-FAD= flavin adenine dinucleotide
- FMN= flavin adenine mononucleotide
-NAD
NADP

51
Q

what do redox factors do

A

-electron transfer
- energy production
- catabolic and anabolic pathways

52
Q

energy stored in NADH as what

A

2 high electron energy that is used to charge the ETC, and make more ATP by OxPhos

53
Q

why is As (arsenic bad)

A

it is similar to phosphorous and it can be substituted for P and is poisonous
- As disrupts ATP production

54
Q

what disrups atp production

A

As bc it looks like P and it disrups the GAPDH rxn

55
Q

what functional group from carboxylic acid contains stored chemical energy

A

anhydrides

56
Q

a compound with a large negative delta g hydrolysis can transfer what

A

its phosphate group to a compound with a smaller hydrolysis

57
Q

what is substrate level phos SLP

A

production of atp from adp by direct transfer of Pi group ( large negative to smaller less negative)

58
Q

what compounds form atp through slp

A

PEP and 1,3 BPG

59
Q

what happens at PGK step (phosphoglyerate kinase)

A

first atp generation step meaning SLP

60
Q

which reactions are thermo and ohysically coupled

A

GAPDH and PGK

61
Q

what residue does the phosphoglyerare mutase mechanism have

A

active form of phosphohistidine in active site

62
Q

what ec classification is enolase

A

lyase bc it removes H2O and its reversible bc all lyases are reversibl

63
Q

why is PEP (phosphoenol pyrivate) the usain bold of high energy compounds

A

highest standard free energy of hydrolysis due to enol to keto tautomer -61.9Kj/mol

64
Q

what does the loss of water in 2-PG do

A
  • redistribution of energy
  • increasing the hydrolyis making more negative
65
Q

why is pyruvate kinase or PK important

A

second atp generation step

66
Q

what happens in the pyruvate kinase reaction

A

-metal ion cat
-phosphoryl group transfer
- pep transfers phosphate

67
Q

what is the net reaction of glycolysis

A

glucose + 2adp+ 2pi+ 2nad= 2 pyruvate + 2atp+ 2H+ + 2H2O

68
Q

is glycolyisis anerobic or aerobic

A

anerobic

69
Q

what amine is found in aldolase

A

lysine
used in schiff bases

70
Q

what is the schiff base

A

electron sink that stabilizes negative charge

71
Q

what happens in the aldolase mechanism

A
  • covalent catalysis
    -aldolase is a nuc. that forms covalent enz-substrate adduct that alters the reaction pathway
72
Q

what enzyme has an alternative pathway through formation of a covalent adduct

A

aldolase

73
Q

some characteristics of class I aldolase

A
  1. cov cat by lys 229
    - lys attacks c=o of FBP to form iminium cation
  2. asp 33 is a gen base to cleave c3-c4
  3. enamine and release GAP
  4. hydrolysis of iminium cation bc asp 33 also works as a gen acid and pronantes enamine to iminium
74
Q

where are class II aldolases found

A

in fungi and algae
- less efficient than class 1

75
Q

what do class 2 aldolases not form

A

a schiff base bc a divalent cation Zn+2 polarizes the carbonyl intermediate

76
Q

does GAP3DH like heavy metals

A

yes it does because of the cysteine thiol grouos in the active site

77
Q

what is the GAPDH mechanism

A
  1. cys thiol attacks
  2. thiohemiacetal goes through oxidation to acyl thioester
  3. nad+ replaces nadh
  4. inorganic P attacks to form 1,3 BPG
78
Q

what is the main control point

A

PFK-1

79
Q

what is the name of an enzyme that removes or adds phosphoryl group

A
  1. phosphatases
  2. kinases
80
Q

what is glycongen phosphorylase

A

control by reversible phosphorylation

81
Q

what regulaiotn is gly. phos

A

allosteric bc atp is negative hettero affector and amp is a positive heterotrophic

82
Q

what has to be regenrated to sistain glycolysis

A

nad+ thats why pyruvate depends on it

83
Q

under aerobic conditions what can regenerate nad+

A

krebs, etc/ oxidative phos

84
Q

what converts pyruvate to ethanol and co2

A

yeast and bacteria through alcoholic fementation this also generates Nad+

85
Q

what cofactor does pyr. decarbox. need for alcoholic ferm

A

TPP fofactor from vitamin B1
it enables decarboxylation of alpha keto acids

86
Q

b1 deficiency leads to what

A

beri beri
-thiamine deficiency

87
Q

what is a coenzyme

A

carrier of specific functional groups, come from vitamins

88
Q

what cofactor does alcoholic dehydrogenase need

A

Zn+2

89
Q

ehtanol cant be what

A

excreted so it has to be metabolised in the liver
- leads to acetaldehye = toxic

90
Q

homolactic fermentation

A
  • anerobic respiraton
    -some bacteria and animal cells
    -lactobacillus (yogurt)
  • pyruvate to lactate
91
Q

what does ldh catalyze

A

prochiral differntiation

92
Q

what is the warburg effect

A
  • malignant tumor cells have glycotic rates that are 200x higher than normal cells
93
Q
A

biochemistry Jonklaas (17 decks)

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