Test 2 - German - Pancreas, Liver, and Gallbladder

Question 1

Exocrine secretions go where?

Endocrine secretions go where?

Answer 1

Released onto a surface or into a duct

Released into the blood

Question 2

Gallbladder is primary what kind of secretory organ?

Answer 2

Exocrine

Question 3

The liver is primarily what type of secretory organ?

Answer 3

Endocrine

Question 4

T/F - The pancreas is only an endocrine organ.

Answer 4

FALSE.

Question 5

Exocrine has what type of cells and to they have distinct or diverse secretion types?

Answer 5

Epithelial cells. Diverse.

Question 6

What are the three gland types of exocrine secretions and describe them?

Answer 6

Merocrine - Most common. Use exocytosis. Ex. Salivary glands.

Holocrine - Cells disintegrate to form secretion. “Holocaust” Ex. Sebaceous glands.

Apocrine - Membrane-enclosed apical cytoplasm (Like a large vesicle with proteins and lipids) Ex. Mammary glands.

Question 7

What cells are key in the endocrine pancreas and what do they release?

Answer 7

Islet of Langerhans

Protein and polypeptide hormones

Question 8

What cells are active in the exocrine pancreas and what do they release?

Answer 8

Acinar cells

Digestive molecules into the duodenum.

Question 9

Exocrine Pancreas - What is zymogen?

Answer 9

Enzyme precursor

Question 10

Acinar cells exocytose what into intercalated ducts?

Answer 10

Zymogen granules

Question 11

What are in zymogen granules?

Answer 11

Alpha-amylase
Lipase
Nucleases
Proteases: trypsinogen, chymotrypsinogen, elastase

Question 12

Where are zymogens activated and why?

Answer 12

In the duodenum to protect acinar cells

Question 13

What do centroacinar cells produce?

Answer 13

HCO3-

Question 14

CCK and secretin induce which cells to undergo exocrine activity?

Answer 14

Acinar and centroacinar

Question 15

What is CCK?

Answer 15

Neuropeptide - I cells

Question 16

What is secretin?

Answer 16

S cells

Question 17

Alpha cells in the pancreas secrete what?

Answer 17

GLUCAGON

Question 18

Beta cells in the pancreas secrete what?

Answer 18

INSULIN

Question 19

Delta cells secrete what?

Answer 19

SOMATOSTATIN

This inhibits GI and pancreatic endocrine and exocrine secretion

Question 20

PP cells secrete what?

Answer 20

Pancreatic polypeptide

This inhibits pancreatic exocrine, GI motility, gastric acid secretion

Question 21

What are the functions of the liver?

Answer 21

Blood reservoir
Bile secretion
Detoxification
Metabolic homeostasis: carb meta, lipid meta, protein meta, storage, serum protein production

Question 22

What are the 4 major functional cell types in the liver and what do they do?

Answer 22

Hepatocyte - Meta carbs, pro, lipids; produce bile from cholesterol; detox endogenous and foreign (xenobiotic) molecules

Kupffer - Macrophages

Sinusoidal Endothelial - Large pores b/t cells and no bsmt mem

Hepatic stellate - store lipids and vitamins; repair liver damage

Question 23

The portal vein allows what in terms of drug metabolism?

Answer 23

First-pass

Question 24

In regards to blood and the liver, what is the normal volume of blood?

The liver can expand it to what?

What do the Kupffer macrophage cells do?

Answer 24

450 mL

0.5-1 L

Filter blood, clear colon and intestinal bacteria

Question 25

Name the three functional liver architecture classifications.

Answer 25

Classic Hepatic Portal Hepatic Acinus

Question 26

Describe the classic hepatic lobule.

Answer 26

Hexagonal prism of portal canals Blood drains from portal v and hepatic a to central v Endocrine!

Question 27

Describe the portal lobule.

Answer 27

Bile drains from hepatocytes to bile ducts | Exocrine!

Question 28

Describe Hepatic acinus

Answer 28

3 zones I - Periportal - O2 and nutrient rich - Carb meta II - Intermediate III - Peripheral - O2 poor - detox - These are the cells first damaged by hypoxic conditions

Question 29

The liver detoxifies molecules in two phases. Describe phase I.

Answer 29

Molecule converted to more polar compounds - oxidized - cytochrome p450 and microsomal oxidases

Question 30

Describe phase II

Answer 30

Molecules/Drugs/Phase I metabolites conjugated to hydrophilic molecules. Transferases Metabolites eliminated in bile or urine

Question 31

What is bile?

Answer 31

Bile salts, cholesterol, phospholipids, bilirubins, and waste. Produced by hepatocytes, stored in gall bladder, released into duodenum

Question 32

What stims bile release?

Answer 32

CCK - this contracts gallbladder smooth m and relaxes hepatopancreatic sphincter

Question 33

What does secretin do?

Answer 33

Stims HCO3- secretion in bile