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HFF > Test 2 - Baker and Smith > Flashcards

Test 2 - Baker and Smith Flashcards

1
Q

Draw Glucose

A

On OneNote. Do it.

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2
Q

What is an enantiomer?

A

Non-superimposable mirror images of one another (diff at every carbon)

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3
Q

What is a diastereomer?

A

Not diff at every carbon, not mirror image, not super-imposable

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4
Q

What is an epimer?

A

Diastereomers that diff only at 1 chiral center

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5
Q

What is an anomer?

A

Diastereoisomers of cyclic forms differing in the configuration at the anomeric carbon

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6
Q

Which type of glucose circulates in blood of animals?

A

D-Glucose

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7
Q

An aldehyde or ketone can react with an alcohol to produce what?

A

Hemiacetal

Hemiketal

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8
Q

What makes up maltose?
What makes up lactose?
What makes up sucrose?
Which is non-reducing?

A

Glu + Glu (alpha 1,4)
Glu + Gal (beta 1,4)
Glu + Fru (alpha 1, beta 2)
Sucrose

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9
Q

Glycogen branches every __________ glus

Starch branches every ___________ glus

A

10

30-50

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10
Q

What is the most abundant polymer?

A

Cellulose

“14 beets” (1,4 beta Glu-Glu linkages)

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11
Q

What is a glycoprotein?

What is a proteoglycan?

A 
Protein w/ oligosaccharide chains attached
Subclass of glycoprotein
           Core protein with 1 or more GAG (glycosaminoglycan) chains attached
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12
Q

Na hyaluronate is what?
Keratin sulfate is found where?
What is chondrocytes sulfate?
Heparin is what?

A

Corneal endothelium
Cornea, Cartilage, Bone
The most abundant glycosaminoglycan in the body
Anticoagulant

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13
Q

Hyaluronic Acid is what?

A

Simplest glycosaminoglycan

Major constituent in the ECM

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14
Q

Chitin is what linkage with what units?

A

Beta 1,4 - NAG

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15
Q

Most feedback loops are what?

A

Negative

99%

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16
Q

What is one notable positive loop?

A

Oxytocin during birth

This stems contractions and contractions feed forward for more oxytocin release

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17
Q

Where is GnRH released from?

A

Hypothalamus

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18
Q

Stimulating (Trophic) are released from where?

A

Released from Ant Pit
Gonadotropins
FSH
LH

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19
Q

What are three ovarian hormones?

A 
1- Estrogen
     Generators of sex
2- Progesterone
     Progestational
3- Inhibins
     Peptide hormones
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20
Q

Ovaries have what cells and they release what?

What is stimulated by this?

A

Thecal cells release androgens

This stimulates granulosa cells to release estrogens (estradiol)

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21
Q

E1
E2
E3
Name and when is it active?

A

E1- Estrone - Post-Menopause
E2- Estradiol - Predominant estrogen during reproductive years
E3- Estriol - Pregnancy

22
Q

Name functions of estrogen

A

Female secondary sex characteristics
Increase CNS excitability
Stimulate endometrial proliferation and uterine growth
Maintenance of healthy blood vessels and skin
Reduce rate of bone reabsorption
Increase HDL, decrease LDL
Enhances coagulability

23
Q

E2 inhibits what?

A

FSH and LH

Because of this, the most mature follicle survives and is ovulated

24
Q

Where do FSH and LH collect around until ovulation and what is to blame for that?

A

Ant pit
High levels of estradiol
Up to ovulation FSH and LH are inhibited by estrogens

25
Q

What happens when LH surges?

A

Temp flip to + feedback
Peak E2 reach a tipping point. E2 stims hypothalamus to release more GnRH which stims ant pit to release LH surge and FSH surge (to a lesser extent)
All of that causes the egg release (ovulation)

26
Q

How does birth control work?

A

Constant low levels of estrogen and progesterone. Those inhibit GnRH, FSH, and LH, and follicular development and ovulation

27
Q

What happens in the luteal phase?

A

Begins at ovulation, lasts 14 days
Corpus luteum in ovarian cells
High amounts of progesterone predominate
High progesterone and estrogens (from luteum) prevent 2nd ovulation event

28
Q

What does corpus luteum become?

A

Corpus albicans and becomes a scar on the ovary

29
Q

How long does menses last for? How much liquid?

A

14-15 days post ovulation

3-80 mL of blood & tissue

30
Q

When is the woman most fertile?

A

A few days before ovulation, in the proliferative phase

31
Q

Insulin signaling - cell division

A 
IRS
Grb
Sos
Ras 
Raf 
Mek
Erk
Srf/Elk
32
Q

Look on OneNote for uterine cycle

A

Yes

33
Q

What happens post ovulation?

A

Granulosa cells convert enzymatic activity from E2-producing to progesterone-producing. This allows corpus luteum develop

Enhanced blood supply to corpus luteum enables large amounts of steroid precursors to circulate and increase production of progesterone

34
Q

What is the most important natural progestin in humans and why?

A

Progesterone
It serves as a precursor to synthesize all estrogens, androgens, and adrenocortical steroids

Cholesterol to progesterone to everything else

35
Q

What are the effects of progesterone?

A 
Preps uterus for implantation
Secretory of the breast
Increase fat deposition
Decrease CNS excitability (anticonvulsant)
Increase body temp
Decrease PCO2 during pregnancy
36
Q

Tell me about menarche

A

Critical body weight must be reached and this is likely due to leptin

Ovulation occurs 2-4 years post menarche

37
Q

What is perimenopause?

A

1-10 years preceding menopause

This is the loss of FSH inhibition

38
Q

Menopause - what happens?

A

Elevated levels of FSH
E1 is the circulating estrogen since ovaries no longer secrete progesterone and estradiol
E1 is formed from testosterone by aromatase enzymes in adipocytes

39
Q

Early Pregnancy (1-2 months) - What happens with implantation, corpus luteum, and uterine control?

A

Upon implantation, trophoblast secretes hCG to corpus luteum - this maintains the pregnancy

Corpus luteum continues to express estrogens and progesterone - this prevents menstruation

Uterine control is then taken over by embryo

40
Q

Pregnancy - what takes over production of progesterone and estrogen by about 8 wks?
If placental hormones are inadequate after LCG levels wane, then what happens?

A

Placenta

Endometrium degenerates and the pregnancy is aborted

41
Q

What does progesterone do during pregnancy?

A

Prevents contractions
Moderates maternal immune response to preserve pregnancy
Stimulates lobular-alveolar development in mammary glands
Suppresses milk synthesis until near childbirth

42
Q

What relaxes cervix and pelvic ligaments to ease birth?

A

Relaxin

43
Q

Which hormones are involved in breast development during pregnancy and milk production following birth?

A

During
Prolactin
Estrogen
Progesterone

After
Prolactin
Oxytocin

44
Q

Origin and function of prolactin during pregnancy?

A

Ant pit - stims development of milk glands

45
Q

Origin and function of estrogen during pregnancy?

A

Ovary and placenta - stims dev of milk ducts; stims prolactin release, but helps block milk production

46
Q

Origin and function of progesterone during pregnancy?

A

Ovary and placenta - stims dev of milk glands, blocks stim of milk production by prolactin

47
Q

Origin and function of prolactin after childbirth?

A

Ant pit - stims milk production

48
Q

Origin and function of oxytocin after childbirth?

A

Post pit - stims milk ejection (+ feedback)

49
Q

How does dopamine affect prolactin?

A

It blocks the secretion of it.

When prolactin is needed, the hypothalamus stops dopamine secretion, and allows ant pit to secrete prolactin

50
Q

Dental visits while pregnant
What has been linked to preterm birth?
When is the ideal time for dental work to be completed while pregnant?

A

Oral infections

2nd trimester. Fetal organ dev occurs during the 1st trimester, so it is best to avoid all potential risks at that time

HFF (14 decks)

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