Test 2 - Baker and Smith

Question 1

Draw Glucose

Answer 1

On OneNote. Do it.

Question 2

What is an enantiomer?

Answer 2

Non-superimposable mirror images of one another (diff at every carbon)

Question 3

What is a diastereomer?

Answer 3

Not diff at every carbon, not mirror image, not super-imposable

Question 4

What is an epimer?

Answer 4

Diastereomers that diff only at 1 chiral center

Question 5

What is an anomer?

Answer 5

Diastereoisomers of cyclic forms differing in the configuration at the anomeric carbon

Question 6

Which type of glucose circulates in blood of animals?

Answer 6

D-Glucose

Question 7

An aldehyde or ketone can react with an alcohol to produce what?

Answer 7

Hemiacetal

Hemiketal

Question 8

What makes up maltose?
What makes up lactose?
What makes up sucrose?
Which is non-reducing?

Answer 8

Glu + Glu (alpha 1,4)
Glu + Gal (beta 1,4)
Glu + Fru (alpha 1, beta 2)
Sucrose

Question 9

Glycogen branches every __________ glus

Starch branches every ___________ glus

Answer 9

10

30-50

Question 10

What is the most abundant polymer?

Answer 10

Cellulose

“14 beets” (1,4 beta Glu-Glu linkages)

Question 11

What is a glycoprotein?

What is a proteoglycan?

Answer 11

Protein w/ oligosaccharide chains attached
Subclass of glycoprotein
           Core protein with 1 or more GAG (glycosaminoglycan) chains attached

Question 12

Na hyaluronate is what?
Keratin sulfate is found where?
What is chondrocytes sulfate?
Heparin is what?

Answer 12

Corneal endothelium
Cornea, Cartilage, Bone
The most abundant glycosaminoglycan in the body
Anticoagulant

Question 13

Hyaluronic Acid is what?

Answer 13

Simplest glycosaminoglycan

Major constituent in the ECM

Question 14

Chitin is what linkage with what units?

Answer 14

Beta 1,4 - NAG

Question 15

Most feedback loops are what?

Answer 15

Negative

99%

Question 16

What is one notable positive loop?

Answer 16

Oxytocin during birth

This stems contractions and contractions feed forward for more oxytocin release

Question 17

Where is GnRH released from?

Answer 17

Hypothalamus

Question 18

Stimulating (Trophic) are released from where?

Answer 18

Released from Ant Pit
Gonadotropins
FSH
LH

Question 19

What are three ovarian hormones?

Answer 19

1- Estrogen
     Generators of sex
2- Progesterone
     Progestational
3- Inhibins
     Peptide hormones

Question 20

Ovaries have what cells and they release what?

What is stimulated by this?

Answer 20

Thecal cells release androgens

This stimulates granulosa cells to release estrogens (estradiol)

Question 21

E1
E2
E3
Name and when is it active?

Answer 21

E1- Estrone - Post-Menopause
E2- Estradiol - Predominant estrogen during reproductive years
E3- Estriol - Pregnancy

Question 22

Name functions of estrogen

Answer 22

Female secondary sex characteristics
Increase CNS excitability
Stimulate endometrial proliferation and uterine growth
Maintenance of healthy blood vessels and skin
Reduce rate of bone reabsorption
Increase HDL, decrease LDL
Enhances coagulability

Question 23

E2 inhibits what?

Answer 23

FSH and LH

Because of this, the most mature follicle survives and is ovulated

Question 24

Where do FSH and LH collect around until ovulation and what is to blame for that?

Answer 24

Ant pit
High levels of estradiol
Up to ovulation FSH and LH are inhibited by estrogens

Question 25

What happens when LH surges?

Answer 25

Temp flip to + feedback Peak E2 reach a tipping point. E2 stims hypothalamus to release more GnRH which stims ant pit to release LH surge and FSH surge (to a lesser extent) All of that causes the egg release (ovulation)

Question 26

How does birth control work?

Answer 26

Constant low levels of estrogen and progesterone. Those inhibit GnRH, FSH, and LH, and follicular development and ovulation

Question 27

What happens in the luteal phase?

Answer 27

Begins at ovulation, lasts 14 days Corpus luteum in ovarian cells High amounts of progesterone predominate High progesterone and estrogens (from luteum) prevent 2nd ovulation event

Question 28

What does corpus luteum become?

Answer 28

Corpus albicans and becomes a scar on the ovary

Question 29

How long does menses last for? How much liquid?

Answer 29

14-15 days post ovulation | 3-80 mL of blood & tissue

Question 30

When is the woman most fertile?

Answer 30

A few days before ovulation, in the proliferative phase

Question 31

Insulin signaling - cell division

Answer 31

``` IRS Grb Sos Ras Raf Mek Erk Srf/Elk ```

Question 32

Look on OneNote for uterine cycle

Answer 32

Yes

Question 33

What happens post ovulation?

Answer 33

Granulosa cells convert enzymatic activity from E2-producing to progesterone-producing. This allows corpus luteum develop Enhanced blood supply to corpus luteum enables large amounts of steroid precursors to circulate and increase production of progesterone

Question 34

What is the most important natural progestin in humans and why?

Answer 34

Progesterone It serves as a precursor to synthesize all estrogens, androgens, and adrenocortical steroids Cholesterol to progesterone to everything else

Question 35

What are the effects of progesterone?

Answer 35

``` Preps uterus for implantation Secretory of the breast Increase fat deposition Decrease CNS excitability (anticonvulsant) Increase body temp Decrease PCO2 during pregnancy ```

Question 36

Tell me about menarche

Answer 36

Critical body weight must be reached and this is likely due to leptin Ovulation occurs 2-4 years post menarche

Question 37

What is perimenopause?

Answer 37

1-10 years preceding menopause | This is the loss of FSH inhibition

Question 38

Menopause - what happens?

Answer 38

Elevated levels of FSH E1 is the circulating estrogen since ovaries no longer secrete progesterone and estradiol E1 is formed from testosterone by aromatase enzymes in adipocytes

Question 39

Early Pregnancy (1-2 months) - What happens with implantation, corpus luteum, and uterine control?

Answer 39

Upon implantation, trophoblast secretes hCG to corpus luteum - this maintains the pregnancy Corpus luteum continues to express estrogens and progesterone - this prevents menstruation Uterine control is then taken over by embryo

Question 40

Pregnancy - what takes over production of progesterone and estrogen by about 8 wks? If placental hormones are inadequate after LCG levels wane, then what happens?

Answer 40

Placenta | Endometrium degenerates and the pregnancy is aborted

Question 41

What does progesterone do during pregnancy?

Answer 41

Prevents contractions Moderates maternal immune response to preserve pregnancy Stimulates lobular-alveolar development in mammary glands Suppresses milk synthesis until near childbirth

Question 42

What relaxes cervix and pelvic ligaments to ease birth?

Answer 42

Relaxin

Question 43

Which hormones are involved in breast development during pregnancy and milk production following birth?

Answer 43

During Prolactin Estrogen Progesterone After Prolactin Oxytocin

Question 44

Origin and function of prolactin during pregnancy?

Answer 44

Ant pit - stims development of milk glands

Question 45

Origin and function of estrogen during pregnancy?

Answer 45

Ovary and placenta - stims dev of milk ducts; stims prolactin release, but helps block milk production

Question 46

Origin and function of progesterone during pregnancy?

Answer 46

Ovary and placenta - stims dev of milk glands, blocks stim of milk production by prolactin

Question 47

Origin and function of prolactin after childbirth?

Answer 47

Ant pit - stims milk production

Question 48

Origin and function of oxytocin after childbirth?

Answer 48

Post pit - stims milk ejection (+ feedback)

Question 49

How does dopamine affect prolactin?

Answer 49

It blocks the secretion of it. | When prolactin is needed, the hypothalamus stops dopamine secretion, and allows ant pit to secrete prolactin

Question 50

Dental visits while pregnant What has been linked to preterm birth? When is the ideal time for dental work to be completed while pregnant?

Answer 50

Oral infections | 2nd trimester. Fetal organ dev occurs during the 1st trimester, so it is best to avoid all potential risks at that time