Test 2 - Baker and Smith Flashcards
Draw Glucose
On OneNote. Do it.
What is an enantiomer?
Non-superimposable mirror images of one another (diff at every carbon)
What is a diastereomer?
Not diff at every carbon, not mirror image, not super-imposable
What is an epimer?
Diastereomers that diff only at 1 chiral center
What is an anomer?
Diastereoisomers of cyclic forms differing in the configuration at the anomeric carbon
Which type of glucose circulates in blood of animals?
D-Glucose
An aldehyde or ketone can react with an alcohol to produce what?
Hemiacetal
Hemiketal
What makes up maltose?
What makes up lactose?
What makes up sucrose?
Which is non-reducing?
Glu + Glu (alpha 1,4)
Glu + Gal (beta 1,4)
Glu + Fru (alpha 1, beta 2)
Sucrose
Glycogen branches every __________ glus
Starch branches every ___________ glus
10
30-50
What is the most abundant polymer?
Cellulose
“14 beets” (1,4 beta Glu-Glu linkages)
What is a glycoprotein?
What is a proteoglycan?
Protein w/ oligosaccharide chains attached
Subclass of glycoprotein
Core protein with 1 or more GAG (glycosaminoglycan) chains attachedNa hyaluronate is what?
Keratin sulfate is found where?
What is chondrocytes sulfate?
Heparin is what?
Corneal endothelium
Cornea, Cartilage, Bone
The most abundant glycosaminoglycan in the body
Anticoagulant
Hyaluronic Acid is what?
Simplest glycosaminoglycan
Major constituent in the ECM
Chitin is what linkage with what units?
Beta 1,4 - NAG
Most feedback loops are what?
Negative
99%
What is one notable positive loop?
Oxytocin during birth
This stems contractions and contractions feed forward for more oxytocin release
Where is GnRH released from?
Hypothalamus
Stimulating (Trophic) are released from where?
Released from Ant Pit
Gonadotropins
FSH
LH
What are three ovarian hormones?
1- Estrogen
Generators of sex
2- Progesterone
Progestational
3- Inhibins
Peptide hormonesOvaries have what cells and they release what?
What is stimulated by this?
Thecal cells release androgens
This stimulates granulosa cells to release estrogens (estradiol)
E1
E2
E3
Name and when is it active?
E1- Estrone - Post-Menopause
E2- Estradiol - Predominant estrogen during reproductive years
E3- Estriol - Pregnancy
Name functions of estrogen
Female secondary sex characteristics
Increase CNS excitability
Stimulate endometrial proliferation and uterine growth
Maintenance of healthy blood vessels and skin
Reduce rate of bone reabsorption
Increase HDL, decrease LDL
Enhances coagulability
E2 inhibits what?
FSH and LH
Because of this, the most mature follicle survives and is ovulated
Where do FSH and LH collect around until ovulation and what is to blame for that?
Ant pit
High levels of estradiol
Up to ovulation FSH and LH are inhibited by estrogens
What happens when LH surges?
Temp flip to + feedback
Peak E2 reach a tipping point. E2 stims hypothalamus to release more GnRH which stims ant pit to release LH surge and FSH surge (to a lesser extent)
All of that causes the egg release (ovulation)
How does birth control work?
Constant low levels of estrogen and progesterone. Those inhibit GnRH, FSH, and LH, and follicular development and ovulation
What happens in the luteal phase?
Begins at ovulation, lasts 14 days
Corpus luteum in ovarian cells
High amounts of progesterone predominate
High progesterone and estrogens (from luteum) prevent 2nd ovulation event
What does corpus luteum become?
Corpus albicans and becomes a scar on the ovary
How long does menses last for? How much liquid?
14-15 days post ovulation
3-80 mL of blood & tissue
When is the woman most fertile?
A few days before ovulation, in the proliferative phase
Insulin signaling - cell division
IRS Grb Sos Ras Raf Mek Erk Srf/Elk
Look on OneNote for uterine cycle
Yes
What happens post ovulation?
Granulosa cells convert enzymatic activity from E2-producing to progesterone-producing. This allows corpus luteum develop
Enhanced blood supply to corpus luteum enables large amounts of steroid precursors to circulate and increase production of progesterone
What is the most important natural progestin in humans and why?
Progesterone
It serves as a precursor to synthesize all estrogens, androgens, and adrenocortical steroids
Cholesterol to progesterone to everything else
What are the effects of progesterone?
Preps uterus for implantation Secretory of the breast Increase fat deposition Decrease CNS excitability (anticonvulsant) Increase body temp Decrease PCO2 during pregnancy
Tell me about menarche
Critical body weight must be reached and this is likely due to leptin
Ovulation occurs 2-4 years post menarche
What is perimenopause?
1-10 years preceding menopause
This is the loss of FSH inhibition
Menopause - what happens?
Elevated levels of FSH
E1 is the circulating estrogen since ovaries no longer secrete progesterone and estradiol
E1 is formed from testosterone by aromatase enzymes in adipocytes
Early Pregnancy (1-2 months) - What happens with implantation, corpus luteum, and uterine control?
Upon implantation, trophoblast secretes hCG to corpus luteum - this maintains the pregnancy
Corpus luteum continues to express estrogens and progesterone - this prevents menstruation
Uterine control is then taken over by embryo
Pregnancy - what takes over production of progesterone and estrogen by about 8 wks?
If placental hormones are inadequate after LCG levels wane, then what happens?
Placenta
Endometrium degenerates and the pregnancy is aborted
What does progesterone do during pregnancy?
Prevents contractions
Moderates maternal immune response to preserve pregnancy
Stimulates lobular-alveolar development in mammary glands
Suppresses milk synthesis until near childbirth
What relaxes cervix and pelvic ligaments to ease birth?
Relaxin
Which hormones are involved in breast development during pregnancy and milk production following birth?
During
Prolactin
Estrogen
Progesterone
After
Prolactin
Oxytocin
Origin and function of prolactin during pregnancy?
Ant pit - stims development of milk glands
Origin and function of estrogen during pregnancy?
Ovary and placenta - stims dev of milk ducts; stims prolactin release, but helps block milk production
Origin and function of progesterone during pregnancy?
Ovary and placenta - stims dev of milk glands, blocks stim of milk production by prolactin
Origin and function of prolactin after childbirth?
Ant pit - stims milk production
Origin and function of oxytocin after childbirth?
Post pit - stims milk ejection (+ feedback)
How does dopamine affect prolactin?
It blocks the secretion of it.
When prolactin is needed, the hypothalamus stops dopamine secretion, and allows ant pit to secrete prolactin
Dental visits while pregnant
What has been linked to preterm birth?
When is the ideal time for dental work to be completed while pregnant?
Oral infections
2nd trimester. Fetal organ dev occurs during the 1st trimester, so it is best to avoid all potential risks at that time
