Test 2 - Baker and Smith Flashcards by Brennan Stringam

Draw Glucose

On OneNote. Do it.

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What is an enantiomer?

Non-superimposable mirror images of one another (diff at every carbon)

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What is a diastereomer?

Not diff at every carbon, not mirror image, not super-imposable

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What is an epimer?

Diastereomers that diff only at 1 chiral center

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What is an anomer?

Diastereoisomers of cyclic forms differing in the configuration at the anomeric carbon

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Which type of glucose circulates in blood of animals?

D-Glucose

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An aldehyde or ketone can react with an alcohol to produce what?

Hemiacetal

Hemiketal

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What makes up maltose?
What makes up lactose?
What makes up sucrose?
Which is non-reducing?

Glu + Glu (alpha 1,4)
Glu + Gal (beta 1,4)
Glu + Fru (alpha 1, beta 2)
Sucrose

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Glycogen branches every __________ glus

Starch branches every ___________ glus

30-50

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What is the most abundant polymer?

Cellulose

“14 beets” (1,4 beta Glu-Glu linkages)

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What is a glycoprotein?

What is a proteoglycan?

Protein w/ oligosaccharide chains attached
Subclass of glycoprotein
           Core protein with 1 or more GAG (glycosaminoglycan) chains attached

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Na hyaluronate is what?
Keratin sulfate is found where?
What is chondrocytes sulfate?
Heparin is what?

Corneal endothelium
Cornea, Cartilage, Bone
The most abundant glycosaminoglycan in the body
Anticoagulant

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Hyaluronic Acid is what?

Simplest glycosaminoglycan

Major constituent in the ECM

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Chitin is what linkage with what units?

Beta 1,4 - NAG

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Most feedback loops are what?

Negative

99%

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What is one notable positive loop?

Oxytocin during birth

This stems contractions and contractions feed forward for more oxytocin release

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Where is GnRH released from?

Hypothalamus

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Stimulating (Trophic) are released from where?

Released from Ant Pit
Gonadotropins
FSH
LH

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What are three ovarian hormones?

1- Estrogen
     Generators of sex
2- Progesterone
     Progestational
3- Inhibins
     Peptide hormones

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Ovaries have what cells and they release what?

What is stimulated by this?

Thecal cells release androgens

This stimulates granulosa cells to release estrogens (estradiol)

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E1
E2
E3
Name and when is it active?

E1- Estrone - Post-Menopause
E2- Estradiol - Predominant estrogen during reproductive years
E3- Estriol - Pregnancy

Name functions of estrogen

Female secondary sex characteristics
Increase CNS excitability
Stimulate endometrial proliferation and uterine growth
Maintenance of healthy blood vessels and skin
Reduce rate of bone reabsorption
Increase HDL, decrease LDL
Enhances coagulability

E2 inhibits what?

FSH and LH

Because of this, the most mature follicle survives and is ovulated

Where do FSH and LH collect around until ovulation and what is to blame for that?

Ant pit
High levels of estradiol
Up to ovulation FSH and LH are inhibited by estrogens

What happens when LH surges?

Temp flip to + feedback Peak E2 reach a tipping point. E2 stims hypothalamus to release more GnRH which stims ant pit to release LH surge and FSH surge (to a lesser extent) All of that causes the egg release (ovulation)

How does birth control work?

Constant low levels of estrogen and progesterone. Those inhibit GnRH, FSH, and LH, and follicular development and ovulation

What happens in the luteal phase?

Begins at ovulation, lasts 14 days Corpus luteum in ovarian cells High amounts of progesterone predominate High progesterone and estrogens (from luteum) prevent 2nd ovulation event

What does corpus luteum become?

Corpus albicans and becomes a scar on the ovary

How long does menses last for? How much liquid?

14-15 days post ovulation | 3-80 mL of blood & tissue

When is the woman most fertile?

A few days before ovulation, in the proliferative phase

Insulin signaling - cell division

``` IRS Grb Sos Ras Raf Mek Erk Srf/Elk ```

Look on OneNote for uterine cycle

Yes

What happens post ovulation?

Granulosa cells convert enzymatic activity from E2-producing to progesterone-producing. This allows corpus luteum develop Enhanced blood supply to corpus luteum enables large amounts of steroid precursors to circulate and increase production of progesterone

What is the most important natural progestin in humans and why?

Progesterone It serves as a precursor to synthesize all estrogens, androgens, and adrenocortical steroids Cholesterol to progesterone to everything else

What are the effects of progesterone?

``` Preps uterus for implantation Secretory of the breast Increase fat deposition Decrease CNS excitability (anticonvulsant) Increase body temp Decrease PCO2 during pregnancy ```

Tell me about menarche

Critical body weight must be reached and this is likely due to leptin Ovulation occurs 2-4 years post menarche

What is perimenopause?

1-10 years preceding menopause | This is the loss of FSH inhibition

Menopause - what happens?

Elevated levels of FSH E1 is the circulating estrogen since ovaries no longer secrete progesterone and estradiol E1 is formed from testosterone by aromatase enzymes in adipocytes

Early Pregnancy (1-2 months) - What happens with implantation, corpus luteum, and uterine control?

Upon implantation, trophoblast secretes hCG to corpus luteum - this maintains the pregnancy Corpus luteum continues to express estrogens and progesterone - this prevents menstruation Uterine control is then taken over by embryo

Pregnancy - what takes over production of progesterone and estrogen by about 8 wks? If placental hormones are inadequate after LCG levels wane, then what happens?

Placenta | Endometrium degenerates and the pregnancy is aborted

What does progesterone do during pregnancy?

Prevents contractions Moderates maternal immune response to preserve pregnancy Stimulates lobular-alveolar development in mammary glands Suppresses milk synthesis until near childbirth

What relaxes cervix and pelvic ligaments to ease birth?

Relaxin

Which hormones are involved in breast development during pregnancy and milk production following birth?

During Prolactin Estrogen Progesterone After Prolactin Oxytocin

Origin and function of prolactin during pregnancy?

Ant pit - stims development of milk glands

Origin and function of estrogen during pregnancy?

Ovary and placenta - stims dev of milk ducts; stims prolactin release, but helps block milk production

Origin and function of progesterone during pregnancy?

Ovary and placenta - stims dev of milk glands, blocks stim of milk production by prolactin

Origin and function of prolactin after childbirth?

Ant pit - stims milk production

Origin and function of oxytocin after childbirth?

Post pit - stims milk ejection (+ feedback)

How does dopamine affect prolactin?

It blocks the secretion of it. | When prolactin is needed, the hypothalamus stops dopamine secretion, and allows ant pit to secrete prolactin

Dental visits while pregnant What has been linked to preterm birth? When is the ideal time for dental work to be completed while pregnant?

Oral infections | 2nd trimester. Fetal organ dev occurs during the 1st trimester, so it is best to avoid all potential risks at that time