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HFF > Test 2 - German - Carb Meta > Flashcards

Test 2 - German - Carb Meta Flashcards

1
Q

What is your mnemonic for glycolysis and what do they stand for?

A 
Glen - GLU
Grunts - GLU-6-P
Frantically - FRU-6-P
For - FRU-1,6-BP
Dang - DHAP
Good - G3P
Blood - 1,3-BPG
Pressure - 3-PG 
Pressuring - 2-PG
Petty - PEP
Punks - PYR
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2
Q

What is your mnemonic for the allosteric enzymes of glycolysis and what do they stand for?

A 
Hungry - Hexokinase
Pirates - Phos-Hex-Iso 
Picked - Phos-Fru-Kinase
All - Aldolase
The - Triose
Greatest - G3PDH
Pickled - PG-Kinase
Pumpkins - PG-Mutase
Ever - Enolase
Picked - Pyr-Kinase
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3
Q

What is the RLS of glycolysis?

A

Fru-6 to 1,6BPFru - catalyzed by phosphofructokinase

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4
Q

What are the necessities and products of glycolysis and where are they generated?

A

1 ATP req’d - Glu to Glu-6
Fru-6 to 16BP

2 NADH made - G3P to 13BPG

2 ATP made - 13BPG to 3PG
PPyr to Pyr

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5
Q

What is the mnemonic for Krebs and what do they stand for?

A 
Citrate - Citrate
Is - Isoaconitate
Kreb’s - a-Ketoglutarate
Starting - Succinyl-CoA
Substrate - Succinate
For - Fumarate
Making - Malate
Oxaloacetate - Oxaloacetate
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6
Q

What is the mnemonic for the allosteric enzymes for Kreb’s and what do they stand for?

A 
Acorns - Aconitate
|| - ||
Isolate - IsocitDH
Keddington - a-KDHComplex
Sucking - Succinyl-CoA Synthase
Sucky - SuccinateDH
Fumes - Fumarase
MD - MalateDH
Can Say - Citrate Synthase
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7
Q

What is produced from Kreb’s and where in the cycle do they arise?

A

Anywhere there is a DH, an NADH is formed, so Isocit to a-Ketoglu, a-Ketoglu to succinyl-CoA, malate to oxaloacetate.

FADH2 - Formed succinate to fumarate

GTP - Formed from Succinyl-CoA to succinate

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8
Q

What is the RLS of the Kreb’s cycle?

A

Oxaloacetate to Citrate via citrate synthase and availability of acetyl-CoA

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9
Q

Gluconeogenesis is the opposite of glycolysis, except for what extra steps?

A

Pyr to oxaloacetate to PEP
Pyruvate carboxylase
PEP carboxykinase

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10
Q

What electron acceptor must be maintained?

A

NAD+

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11
Q

Where does glycolysis happen?

A

In the cytoplasm

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12
Q

Pentose Phosphate Pathway - What does it do?

A

Produces NADPH - Needed for creating fatty acids and free rad protection. Must be maintained w/in cell

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13
Q

The G3P shuttle happens where?

A

Brain and skeletal muscle

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14
Q

Malate-Aspartate Shuttle happens where?

A

Liver, kidneys, heart

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15
Q

What is apoptosis and what organelle dysfunction is tied to it?

What is necrosis?

A

Cell suicide

Mitochondria

Cell homicide

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16
Q

Why fermentation?

What is the electron acceptor of NADH produced in glycolysis in regards to fermentation?

A

It allows glycolysis to continue by regenerating NAD+.

LACTATE

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17
Q

What are the steps of glycogenesis?

What are the enzymes?

What is the point of regulation?

A 
Glu
Glu6P
Glu1P
Uracil DPG
Gly chain
Gly
Hexo
Phos-Glu-Mut
UPD-Glu
Gly Syn *Point of regulation
Gly branching enzyme
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18
Q

The active form of glycogen is phosphorylated or dephosphorylated?

A

Dephosphorylated

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19
Q

What activates glycogenesis?

A

Insulin!

It also activates GLUTs, Hexo, and Gly synthase

20
Q

What activates glycogenolysis?

A

Glucagon!

21
Q

How does glucagon activate glycogenolysis?

A

cAMP activates inactive PKA to active PKA. The glycogen is broken down, phosphorylated, turned to glu-P, and then dephosphorylated to be released from cell (this release of Glu from the cell only happens in hepatocytes)

22
Q

Organism-wide, what intracellular signal regs meta function?

A

ATP/AMP

AMP kinase (AMPK) detects intracellular AMP

*This is important, I guess

23
Q

What turns pyruvate into acetyl-CoA?

A

Pyruvate DH

24
Q

Complex II of the ETC interacts with what step of Kreb’s?

A

Succinate to fumarate, when the FADH2 is created.

25
Q

ETC - Talk me thru it. Complex I

A

NADH is oxidized to NAD. 4 H+’s pumped into intermembrane space from the matrix and 2 H+’s are loaded onto Q (This reduces ubiquinone to ubiquinol)

26
Q

ETC - Complex II

A

FADH2 from Krebs moves the Q from II to the QH2 from I.

27
Q

ETC - Complex III

A

QH2 goes to Cytochrome C after getting 2 pumped H+’s and pumping 4 H+’s into intermembrane space.

*Free Rads can be formed here. NADPH helps with that. Thanks Pentose Phosphate Shunt and a healthy diet.

28
Q

ETC - Cytochrome C

A

T-fers electrons to Complex IV

29
Q

ETC - Complex IV

A

Electrons loaded onto O2 to form H2O. 2 H+’s pumped into intermembrane space.

30
Q

What happens at the end of the ETC? Where do we get all that ATP?

A

ATP Synthase. H+s pumped thru to form ATP

31
Q

Where are fatty-acyl CoA’s introduced into the ETC?

A

Complex II

32
Q

An NADH is worth how many ATP?

An FADH2 is worth how many ATP?

One Glu molecule produces how much ATP?

A
  1. 5
  2. 5

30-32 (Range is due to G3P and Malate Shuttles)

33
Q

What are cofactors?

A

Inorgo ions

Cu, Mg, Zn, Fe

34
Q

Oxidoreductases do what kind of rxns?

A

REDOX

35
Q

Transferases do what kind of rxns?

A

Transfers

36
Q

Hydrolases do what kind of rxns?

A

Hydrolysis

37
Q

Lyases do what kind of rxns?

A

Cleavages

38
Q

Isomerases do what kind of rxns?

A

T-fer group to yield isomeric forms

39
Q

Ligases do what kind of rxns?

A

Formations by condensation coupled to cleavage of ATP

40
Q

What is Km?

A

Conc. Of substrate at 1/2 max velocity of the enzyme

41
Q

What are the 5 types of inhibition?

A 
Irreversible
Competitive
Uncompetitive
Noncompetitive
Mixed
42
Q

Explain irreversible inhibition.

A

Perm

Enzyme must be replace

43
Q

Explain comp inhibition.

A

Inhibitor competes with the substrate

44
Q

Explain uncompetitive inhibition.

A

Inhibitor binds the ES complex. This slows capacity of rxn and prevents production of product

45
Q

Explain noncomp inhibition.

A

Inhibitor binds enzyme or ES complex. Substrate binding not affected.

46
Q

Explain mixed inhibition.

A

Inhibitor binds enzyme or ES complex alone.

47
Q

What happens to Km and Vmax?

Comp inhib -

Noncomp inhib -

Uncomp inhib -

Mixed inhib -

A

Comp inhib - Km moves right, no change in Vmax

Noncomp inhib - No change in Km, reduces Vmax

Uncomp inhib - Km moves left, reduces Vmax

Mixed inhib - Km moves right, reduces Vmax

HFF (14 decks)

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