Test 2 - German - Carb Meta

Question 1

What is your mnemonic for glycolysis and what do they stand for?

Answer 1

Glen - GLU
Grunts - GLU-6-P
Frantically - FRU-6-P
For - FRU-1,6-BP
Dang - DHAP
Good - G3P
Blood - 1,3-BPG
Pressure - 3-PG 
Pressuring - 2-PG
Petty - PEP
Punks - PYR

Question 2

What is your mnemonic for the allosteric enzymes of glycolysis and what do they stand for?

Answer 2

Hungry - Hexokinase
Pirates - Phos-Hex-Iso 
Picked - Phos-Fru-Kinase
All - Aldolase
The - Triose
Greatest - G3PDH
Pickled - PG-Kinase
Pumpkins - PG-Mutase
Ever - Enolase
Picked - Pyr-Kinase

Question 3

What is the RLS of glycolysis?

Answer 3

Fru-6 to 1,6BPFru - catalyzed by phosphofructokinase

Question 4

What are the necessities and products of glycolysis and where are they generated?

Answer 4

1 ATP req’d - Glu to Glu-6
Fru-6 to 16BP

2 NADH made - G3P to 13BPG

2 ATP made - 13BPG to 3PG
PPyr to Pyr

Question 5

What is the mnemonic for Krebs and what do they stand for?

Answer 5

Citrate - Citrate
Is - Isoaconitate
Kreb’s - a-Ketoglutarate
Starting - Succinyl-CoA
Substrate - Succinate
For - Fumarate
Making - Malate
Oxaloacetate - Oxaloacetate

Question 6

What is the mnemonic for the allosteric enzymes for Kreb’s and what do they stand for?

Answer 6

Acorns - Aconitate
|| - ||
Isolate - IsocitDH
Keddington - a-KDHComplex
Sucking - Succinyl-CoA Synthase
Sucky - SuccinateDH
Fumes - Fumarase
MD - MalateDH
Can Say - Citrate Synthase

Question 7

What is produced from Kreb’s and where in the cycle do they arise?

Answer 7

Anywhere there is a DH, an NADH is formed, so Isocit to a-Ketoglu, a-Ketoglu to succinyl-CoA, malate to oxaloacetate.

FADH2 - Formed succinate to fumarate

GTP - Formed from Succinyl-CoA to succinate

Question 8

What is the RLS of the Kreb’s cycle?

Answer 8

Oxaloacetate to Citrate via citrate synthase and availability of acetyl-CoA

Question 9

Gluconeogenesis is the opposite of glycolysis, except for what extra steps?

Answer 9

Pyr to oxaloacetate to PEP
Pyruvate carboxylase
PEP carboxykinase

Question 10

What electron acceptor must be maintained?

Answer 10

NAD+

Question 11

Where does glycolysis happen?

Answer 11

In the cytoplasm

Question 12

Pentose Phosphate Pathway - What does it do?

Answer 12

Produces NADPH - Needed for creating fatty acids and free rad protection. Must be maintained w/in cell

Question 13

The G3P shuttle happens where?

Answer 13

Brain and skeletal muscle

Question 14

Malate-Aspartate Shuttle happens where?

Answer 14

Liver, kidneys, heart

Question 15

What is apoptosis and what organelle dysfunction is tied to it?

What is necrosis?

Answer 15

Cell suicide

Mitochondria

Cell homicide

Question 16

Why fermentation?

What is the electron acceptor of NADH produced in glycolysis in regards to fermentation?

Answer 16

It allows glycolysis to continue by regenerating NAD+.

LACTATE

Question 17

What are the steps of glycogenesis?

What are the enzymes?

What is the point of regulation?

Answer 17

Glu
Glu6P
Glu1P
Uracil DPG
Gly chain
Gly

Hexo
Phos-Glu-Mut
UPD-Glu
Gly Syn *Point of regulation
Gly branching enzyme

Question 18

The active form of glycogen is phosphorylated or dephosphorylated?

Answer 18

Dephosphorylated

Question 19

What activates glycogenesis?

Answer 19

Insulin!

It also activates GLUTs, Hexo, and Gly synthase

Question 20

What activates glycogenolysis?

Answer 20

Glucagon!

Question 21

How does glucagon activate glycogenolysis?

Answer 21

cAMP activates inactive PKA to active PKA. The glycogen is broken down, phosphorylated, turned to glu-P, and then dephosphorylated to be released from cell (this release of Glu from the cell only happens in hepatocytes)

Question 22

Organism-wide, what intracellular signal regs meta function?

Answer 22

ATP/AMP

AMP kinase (AMPK) detects intracellular AMP

*This is important, I guess

Question 23

What turns pyruvate into acetyl-CoA?

Answer 23

Pyruvate DH

Question 24

Complex II of the ETC interacts with what step of Kreb’s?

Answer 24

Succinate to fumarate, when the FADH2 is created.

Question 25

ETC - Talk me thru it. Complex I

Answer 25

NADH is oxidized to NAD. 4 H+’s pumped into intermembrane space from the matrix and 2 H+’s are loaded onto Q (This reduces ubiquinone to ubiquinol)

Question 26

ETC - Complex II

Answer 26

FADH2 from Krebs moves the Q from II to the QH2 from I.

Question 27

ETC - Complex III

Answer 27

QH2 goes to Cytochrome C after getting 2 pumped H+’s and pumping 4 H+’s into intermembrane space. *Free Rads can be formed here. NADPH helps with that. Thanks Pentose Phosphate Shunt and a healthy diet.

Question 28

ETC - Cytochrome C

Answer 28

T-fers electrons to Complex IV

Question 29

ETC - Complex IV

Answer 29

Electrons loaded onto O2 to form H2O. 2 H+’s pumped into intermembrane space.

Question 30

What happens at the end of the ETC? Where do we get all that ATP?

Answer 30

ATP Synthase. H+s pumped thru to form ATP

Question 31

Where are fatty-acyl CoA’s introduced into the ETC?

Answer 31

Complex II

Question 32

An NADH is worth how many ATP? An FADH2 is worth how many ATP? One Glu molecule produces how much ATP?

Answer 32

2. 5 1. 5 30-32 (Range is due to G3P and Malate Shuttles)

Question 33

What are cofactors?

Answer 33

Inorgo ions Cu, Mg, Zn, Fe

Question 34

Oxidoreductases do what kind of rxns?

Answer 34

REDOX

Question 35

Transferases do what kind of rxns?

Answer 35

Transfers

Question 36

Hydrolases do what kind of rxns?

Answer 36

Hydrolysis

Question 37

Lyases do what kind of rxns?

Answer 37

Cleavages

Question 38

Isomerases do what kind of rxns?

Answer 38

T-fer group to yield isomeric forms

Question 39

Ligases do what kind of rxns?

Answer 39

Formations by condensation coupled to cleavage of ATP

Question 40

What is Km?

Answer 40

Conc. Of substrate at 1/2 max velocity of the enzyme

Question 41

What are the 5 types of inhibition?

Answer 41

``` Irreversible Competitive Uncompetitive Noncompetitive Mixed ```

Question 42

Explain irreversible inhibition.

Answer 42

Perm | Enzyme must be replace

Question 43

Explain comp inhibition.

Answer 43

Inhibitor competes with the substrate

Question 44

Explain uncompetitive inhibition.

Answer 44

Inhibitor binds the ES complex. This slows capacity of rxn and prevents production of product

Question 45

Explain noncomp inhibition.

Answer 45

Inhibitor binds enzyme or ES complex. Substrate binding not affected.

Question 46

Explain mixed inhibition.

Answer 46

Inhibitor binds enzyme or ES complex alone.

Question 47

What happens to Km and Vmax? Comp inhib - Noncomp inhib - Uncomp inhib - Mixed inhib -

Answer 47

Comp inhib - Km moves right, no change in Vmax Noncomp inhib - No change in Km, reduces Vmax Uncomp inhib - Km moves left, reduces Vmax Mixed inhib - Km moves right, reduces Vmax