Test 2 - German - Carb Meta Flashcards
What is your mnemonic for glycolysis and what do they stand for?
Glen - GLU Grunts - GLU-6-P Frantically - FRU-6-P For - FRU-1,6-BP Dang - DHAP Good - G3P Blood - 1,3-BPG Pressure - 3-PG Pressuring - 2-PG Petty - PEP Punks - PYR
What is your mnemonic for the allosteric enzymes of glycolysis and what do they stand for?
Hungry - Hexokinase Pirates - Phos-Hex-Iso Picked - Phos-Fru-Kinase All - Aldolase The - Triose Greatest - G3PDH Pickled - PG-Kinase Pumpkins - PG-Mutase Ever - Enolase Picked - Pyr-Kinase
What is the RLS of glycolysis?
Fru-6 to 1,6BPFru - catalyzed by phosphofructokinase
What are the necessities and products of glycolysis and where are they generated?
1 ATP req’d - Glu to Glu-6
Fru-6 to 16BP
2 NADH made - G3P to 13BPG
2 ATP made - 13BPG to 3PG
PPyr to Pyr
What is the mnemonic for Krebs and what do they stand for?
Citrate - Citrate Is - Isoaconitate Kreb’s - a-Ketoglutarate Starting - Succinyl-CoA Substrate - Succinate For - Fumarate Making - Malate Oxaloacetate - Oxaloacetate
What is the mnemonic for the allosteric enzymes for Kreb’s and what do they stand for?
Acorns - Aconitate || - || Isolate - IsocitDH Keddington - a-KDHComplex Sucking - Succinyl-CoA Synthase Sucky - SuccinateDH Fumes - Fumarase MD - MalateDH Can Say - Citrate Synthase
What is produced from Kreb’s and where in the cycle do they arise?
Anywhere there is a DH, an NADH is formed, so Isocit to a-Ketoglu, a-Ketoglu to succinyl-CoA, malate to oxaloacetate.
FADH2 - Formed succinate to fumarate
GTP - Formed from Succinyl-CoA to succinate
What is the RLS of the Kreb’s cycle?
Oxaloacetate to Citrate via citrate synthase and availability of acetyl-CoA
Gluconeogenesis is the opposite of glycolysis, except for what extra steps?
Pyr to oxaloacetate to PEP
Pyruvate carboxylase
PEP carboxykinase
What electron acceptor must be maintained?
NAD+
Where does glycolysis happen?
In the cytoplasm
Pentose Phosphate Pathway - What does it do?
Produces NADPH - Needed for creating fatty acids and free rad protection. Must be maintained w/in cell
The G3P shuttle happens where?
Brain and skeletal muscle
Malate-Aspartate Shuttle happens where?
Liver, kidneys, heart
What is apoptosis and what organelle dysfunction is tied to it?
What is necrosis?
Cell suicide
Mitochondria
Cell homicide
Why fermentation?
What is the electron acceptor of NADH produced in glycolysis in regards to fermentation?
It allows glycolysis to continue by regenerating NAD+.
LACTATE
What are the steps of glycogenesis?
What are the enzymes?
What is the point of regulation?
Glu Glu6P Glu1P Uracil DPG Gly chain Gly
Hexo Phos-Glu-Mut UPD-Glu Gly Syn *Point of regulation Gly branching enzyme
The active form of glycogen is phosphorylated or dephosphorylated?
Dephosphorylated
What activates glycogenesis?
Insulin!
It also activates GLUTs, Hexo, and Gly synthase
What activates glycogenolysis?
Glucagon!
How does glucagon activate glycogenolysis?
cAMP activates inactive PKA to active PKA. The glycogen is broken down, phosphorylated, turned to glu-P, and then dephosphorylated to be released from cell (this release of Glu from the cell only happens in hepatocytes)
Organism-wide, what intracellular signal regs meta function?
ATP/AMP
AMP kinase (AMPK) detects intracellular AMP
*This is important, I guess
What turns pyruvate into acetyl-CoA?
Pyruvate DH
Complex II of the ETC interacts with what step of Kreb’s?
Succinate to fumarate, when the FADH2 is created.
ETC - Talk me thru it. Complex I
NADH is oxidized to NAD. 4 H+’s pumped into intermembrane space from the matrix and 2 H+’s are loaded onto Q (This reduces ubiquinone to ubiquinol)
ETC - Complex II
FADH2 from Krebs moves the Q from II to the QH2 from I.
ETC - Complex III
QH2 goes to Cytochrome C after getting 2 pumped H+’s and pumping 4 H+’s into intermembrane space.
*Free Rads can be formed here. NADPH helps with that. Thanks Pentose Phosphate Shunt and a healthy diet.
ETC - Cytochrome C
T-fers electrons to Complex IV
ETC - Complex IV
Electrons loaded onto O2 to form H2O. 2 H+’s pumped into intermembrane space.
What happens at the end of the ETC? Where do we get all that ATP?
ATP Synthase. H+s pumped thru to form ATP
Where are fatty-acyl CoA’s introduced into the ETC?
Complex II
An NADH is worth how many ATP?
An FADH2 is worth how many ATP?
One Glu molecule produces how much ATP?
- 5
- 5
30-32 (Range is due to G3P and Malate Shuttles)
What are cofactors?
Inorgo ions
Cu, Mg, Zn, Fe
Oxidoreductases do what kind of rxns?
REDOX
Transferases do what kind of rxns?
Transfers
Hydrolases do what kind of rxns?
Hydrolysis
Lyases do what kind of rxns?
Cleavages
Isomerases do what kind of rxns?
T-fer group to yield isomeric forms
Ligases do what kind of rxns?
Formations by condensation coupled to cleavage of ATP
What is Km?
Conc. Of substrate at 1/2 max velocity of the enzyme
What are the 5 types of inhibition?
Irreversible Competitive Uncompetitive Noncompetitive Mixed
Explain irreversible inhibition.
Perm
Enzyme must be replace
Explain comp inhibition.
Inhibitor competes with the substrate
Explain uncompetitive inhibition.
Inhibitor binds the ES complex. This slows capacity of rxn and prevents production of product
Explain noncomp inhibition.
Inhibitor binds enzyme or ES complex. Substrate binding not affected.
Explain mixed inhibition.
Inhibitor binds enzyme or ES complex alone.
What happens to Km and Vmax?
Comp inhib -
Noncomp inhib -
Uncomp inhib -
Mixed inhib -
Comp inhib - Km moves right, no change in Vmax
Noncomp inhib - No change in Km, reduces Vmax
Uncomp inhib - Km moves left, reduces Vmax
Mixed inhib - Km moves right, reduces Vmax
