Test 2- Gallbladder and Pancreas

Question 1

Answer 1

Gallbladder distension

• Common result of fasting
• Marked distension also seen in Lantana camara toxicosis (image below) due to paralysis caused by toxic metabolite (Lantadene A)

Question 2

Answer 2

Gallbladder stones (Choleliths)

• Concretions of normally soluble components of bile
• Composed of a mixture of cholesterol, bile pigments, salts of bile acids, calcium salts and a proteinaceous matrix

Cholelith, pig gall bladder

• Due to supersaturation and precipitation of bile
• Usually not significant until obstruction occurs

Question 3

Answer 3

GALLBLADDER NEOPLASIA

 Very rare in animals

 Adenomas and Carcinomas have been described

Question 4

Answer 4

Pancreatitis and multifocal steatitis. Canine pancreas.

Question 5

Answer 5

Acute pancreatitis- Pathogenesis

• Pancreatitis results from the inappropriate in situ activation of pancreatic digestive pro-enzymes [proteases (trypsin, chymotrypsin), lipases, phospholipases and elastases], and the consequent autodigestion of pancreatic tissue and peri-pancreatic adipose tissu

Question 6

Phycomycosis

Answer 6

In warm humid regions of the world fungal infections (Phycomycosis) cause marked scirrhous reaction, often indistinguishable from pancreatic carcinoma.

Question 7

Answer 7

Chronic fibrosing pancreatitis- feline

Question 8

Answer 8

In horses, chronic pancreatitis is often secondary to:

– Parasitic migration (Strongylus equinus)

– Ascending bacterial infection

– Chronic eosinophilic gastroenteritis

Question 9

Answer 9

Pancreatic lithiasis

Calculi are formed within the pancreatic duct and may be a consequence of inflammation.

• Erratic migration of liver flukes may culminate with presence of pancreatic calculi.

Pancreatic lithiasis. Bovine.

• Pancreatic calculi consist mainly of calcium carbonate and calcium phosphate.

Question 10

Pancreatic lithiasis in cattle

Answer 10

May be found incidentally in cattle over 4 years of age, but it is rare in other species.

Question 11

Answer 11

GROWTH DISTURBANCES: Pancreatic hyperplasia

• Nodular hyperplasia: is a common incidental finding in old dogs, cats and cattle.
• The hyperplasia involves the exocrine tissue only, occurs in many foci, and may involve whole lobules or only portions of them.
• It is often difficult to differentiate pancreatic nodular hyperplasia from exocrine pancreatic adenoma.

Question 12

Answer 12

Extremely rare, occasionally seen in old cats.

• Originate from the pancreatic acini and/or ducts.
• Pancreatic adenomas are either single or multiple, and well- demarcated.
• Histologically, pancreatic adenomas are surrounded by a thick fibrous connective tissue capsule.

Question 13

Answer 13

Pancreatic adenocarcinoma

• Seen mainly in dogs and cats.
• Pancreatic adenocarcinoma may be more or less spherical and circumscribed, or it may have some resemblance to masses of scar tissue.

Very aggressive behaviour: with implantation on the peritoneum and metastasis to the liver and local lymph nodes.

• Involvement of the bile ducts will cause jaundice, and invasion of the duodenum is common.

Question 14

Answer 14

Pancreatic adenocarcinoma

Question 15

Answer 15

Metastatic melanomas. Feline pancreas.