Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Pathology II > Ocular Pathology > Flashcards

Ocular Pathology Flashcards

1
Q

What ocular abnormality is present?

A

Corneal edema

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

MDx

A

MDx: cataract

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Causes of corneal opacity

A

Corneal edema- MOST COMMON- fluid in the corneal stroma

– Injury to epithelium (ulceration)

– Injury to endothelium
• Cornealendothelial

dystrophy
• Increased IOP (Glaucoma) • Immune-mediated

– Keratitis–neovascularization has leaky capillaries

Corneal deposits – covered later

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q
A

Corneal edema due to an ulcer

Ulcer stains green with flourescein dye

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q
A

Corneal edema due to keratitis

Note gross features of inflammation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q
A

MDx: diffuse corneal edema

Corneal endothelial dystrophies

Inherited; breed predilections

Old age change

Bilaterally symmetrical foci of opacity which progress to diffuse opacity

Endothelial degeneration of unknown cause

It’s a gross diagnosis! - no histo!

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q
A

MDx: diffuse corneal edema

Puppy that survived the acute phase of infectious canine hepatitis (CAV-1 infection); immune complex deposition in corneal endothelium

“Blue Eye”

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q
A

Cataract

The most common disease of the lens

Swelling/degeneration of lenticular fibersopacity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q
A

Lens response to injury:

Hydropic swelling of injured fibersfiber fragmentation & disintegration

Hyperplasia and fibrous metaplasia of lens epithelium

Posterior lens epithelial migration

When chronic (“hypermature”): shrinking and wrinkling of lens capsule and mineralization

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What causes a cataract?

A

Radiation

Increased IOP (Glaucoma)

Endophthalmitis

Hereditary defect in lenticular metabolism

Diabetes mellitus (high glucose in aqueous)

Trauma

ANYTHING THAT DAMAGES THE LENTICULAR FIBERS!

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What do you evaluate in a fundic exam?

A

Indications of retinal degeneration (& atrophy)

  • Decreased vascularity
  • Optic disc atrophy
  • Changes in tapetal reflection
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

If you are loosing retina, the tapendum will become ______ reflective?

A

MORE

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Causes of retinal degeneration & atrophy

A

Senile change

Inherited metabolic defect of photoreceptor cells

– Collectively known as PRAs (“progressive retinal atrophy”)

– SARD

Toxicity

Metabolic deficiencies – taurine, vitamin A

Increased IOP (glaucoma)

Retinal detachment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q
A

Retina from an adult cat with acquired blindness

Lost photoreceptor and outer nuclear & plexiform layers

Morphologic diagnosis: Retinal atrophy (& degeneration)

Cause:
Enrofloxacin toxicity

histo can’t tell you the etiology

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q
A

Retina from a horse with increased IOP (glaucoma)

Loss of nerve fiber and ganglion cell layers, but excellent preservation of photoreceptors and outer nuclear layer

MDx: retinal atrophy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Causes of retinal detachment (separation)

A

Exudative
– Choroiditis, retinitis – Hemorrhage
– Neoplasm

• Tractional

– maturation of fibrin in vitreous (fibrous adhesions between ciliary bodies = “cyclitic membrane”)

Usually due to inflammation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q
A

Retinal detachment due to effusion from the growth of metastatic lymphoma within the choroid and subretinal space

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q
A

Retinal detachment (separation)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q
A

Consequence = retinal degeneration & atrophy

Separates between neural and pigmented layers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What is the most likely cause of the corneal opacity?

A

Glaucoma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Glaucoma

A

= ↑ IOP
• bad bad BAD

obstruction of the filtration angle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Primary Glaucoma

A

Cause = goniodysgenesis, a detectable malformation of the trabecular meshwork

Dogs – inherited, common

Other species – severely anomalous eyes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q
A

Goniodysgenesis, primary glaucoma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Secondary Glaucoma

A

Most common type

Causes = anything that obstructs the pupil or trabecular meshwork

– Exudate(endophthalmitis)

– Lens luxation

– Posteriorsynechia

– Peripheralanteriorsynechia

– Compression of the filtration angle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q
A

Peripheral anterior synechia- iris adheres to the cornea

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Consequences of glaucoma…

A

Buphthalmos

Corneal edema +/- striae

Retinal degeneration & atrophy

Optic disc cupping

Optic nerve atrophy (because

of loss of ganglion cells)

Cataract

Lens luxation

Iris atrophy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q
A

pressure on optic nerve head causes this cuffing; can see on fundic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q
A

Dog with iris atrophy

(note, this can also be an old age degenerative change of the iris)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q
A

Dog with posterior luxated lens

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q
A

calf with dermatophytosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q
A

Dog with a chalazion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Blepharitis

A

Inflammation of the eyelids

Causes = same for skin in

general
• Exception:

– Chalazion – granulomatous inflammation directed against meibomian gland

– Stye – common name for bacterial infection of hair follicle or meibomian gland (usually Staph aureus)- more common in people

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Conjunctivitis

A

Response to injury same as for other mucous membranes

Gross features

– Hyperemia

– Swelling/edema

– Discharge

– Chemosis – severe conjunctival edema

– Pigmentation – chronic lesions

Hyperemia alone does not necessarily indicate conjunctivitis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q
A

chemosis in a dog with conjunctivitis, cause unknown

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q
A

Chemosis in a sheep with photosensitization

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

Causes of Conjunctivitis

A

Primary pathogens rare

Exceptions = cats

– Herpesvirus (FHV-1)

– Chlamydophiliafelis

– Mycoplasmafelis–normal resident or secondary pathogen

Histology – unlikely to establish cause!!

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q
A

Feline conjunctivitis

Primary pathogens are only common in cats:

  • herpes
  • Chylamdophilia felis
  • Mycoplasma
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

Nodular Granulomatous Episcleritis

A

Herding breeds esp. collies

Immune-mediated

pathogenesis

Junction of cornea and sclera, often bilaterally symmetrical

Histology = granulomatous keratoconjunctivitis

What would be some ddx for the gross lesion, and how would you establish a dx?

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q
A

Nodular Granulomatous Episcleritis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q
A

Corneal ulceration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

Corneal response to injury

A

Edema

Epithelial regeneration

Neutrophil mediated stromal lysis

Neovasularization

Stromal fibrosis

If only eroded, epithelial regeneration is very rapid

If ulcerated, stromal repair must proceed epithelial regeneration

If chronic/persistent injury, cutaneous metaplasia may occur (combination of keratinization, epithelial hyperplasia, pigmentation, subepithelial fibrosis and vascularization)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

Case of Equine Corneal Ulcer

Owner declines treatment

A few days later the eye now

looks like below

What is the most likely cause?

A

Most likely cause- opportuntistic bacteria; when bacteria get into the stroma, neutrophils degranulate and also eat up corneal stroma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

Etiology of Keratitis

A

Trauma

Bacterial:

– usually opportunistic, especially Pseudomonas aeruginosa

– primary pathogen = Moraxella bovis

Chlamydia/mycoplasma

Viruses: IBR, MCF, FHV-1

Fungi: Aspergillosis, Mucormycosis

Drying and desiccation: Keratoconjunctivitis sicca

Idiopathic:

– Chronic superficial keratitis (“Pannus”) in

German Shepherd

– Superficial indolent ulcers in Boxers

– Feline eosinophilic keratitis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q
A

Cow with “infectious keratoconjuncitivitis” (due to Moraxella bovis)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q
A

“Melting ulcers” (Keratomalacia)

Necrosis of corneal epithelium and stroma, usually due to innocent bystander injury from leukocytes

Due to rapidly progressing bacterial infection

In this case we culture a swab for bacteria and fungus – get Pseudomonas aeruginosa

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q
A

Following a few days of aggressive antibiotic therapy

With a lesion similar to right, a descemetocele- desmes membrane is coming off

Emergency referral to specialist- EYE IS ABOUT TO RUPTURE

What went wrong?

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q
A

Horse with a corneal ulcer and iris prolapse

iris is sucked into the cornea

48
Q
A

Horse with a staphyloma following a perforated corneal ulcer

“starburst”

49
Q
A

Dog with corneal edema, neovascularization, and staphyloma

50
Q
A

Horse with corneal pigmentation and scarring following ulcerative keratitis

chronic ulcerated keratitis

Can have fibrosis

51
Q
A

Cow with an old staphyloma (enucleated eye)

52
Q
A

Phthisis bulbi(END STAGE EYE) from a horse – end stage eye. Shrunken/atrophic and scarred/fibrotic.

53
Q
A

Corneal pigmentation from scarring/staphyloma, not to be confused with…

Corneal sequestrum

  • Cats
  • Localized necrosis of the epithelium and anterior stroma from severe corneal injury
  • Affected area gets infiltrated with dark pigment that is present in the tear film resulting in the characteristic black lesion in the cornea
54
Q

What is the most appropriate morphologic diagnosis?

A

keratitis- raised

55
Q
A

Chronic Superficial Keratitis (“Pannus”)

German shepherds

Immune-mediated

pathogenesis

Characteristic inflammation of the superficial corneal stroma

Grows in from the lateral limbus

56
Q
A

Keratoconjunctivitis Sicca (KCS, “dry eye”)

Pathogenesis: Immune- mediated injury to lacrimal glandsdecreased tears and/or change in composition of tearsdrying out of cornea/conjunctiva  chronic irritation

Can be incited by other causes of lacrimal gland injury

Note mucopurulent exudate

57
Q

describe and if the exudate is in the anterior chamber, then what’s the MDX

A

2 year old cat with photophobia, miosis & blepharospasm(spastic contraction- indicate pain)

MDx: Anterior uveitis

58
Q

Anterior uveitis

A

iris (iridis) and ciliary body (cyclitis)

59
Q

Posterior uveitis

A

choroid (choroiditis)

60
Q

Chorioretinitis

A

choroid and retina

61
Q

Endophthalmitis

A

uvea, retina, and vitreous

62
Q

Panophthalmitis

A

+ cornea and sclera

63
Q

Causes of uveitis

A

• Hypersensitivity- immune mediated

– Feline idiopathic lymphoplasmacytic

uveitis

– Equine recurrent uveitis

– Sporadically associated with other systemic disease

• Infectious-

– Usually systemic disease and uvea

one of many vascular tissues affected

– Perforating corneal ulcers

– Penetratinginjuries

• Lens-induced tr

64
Q

What could also be going on with this eye?

A

OUR CASE:
FIP vs idiopathic lymphoplasmacytic uveitis?

65
Q
A

Cat with keratic precipitates, and rubeosis iridis

66
Q
A

Dog with corneal ulcer, corneal edema, and hypopyon

67
Q
A

Cat with keratic precipitates, and dyscoria due to posterior synechia

68
Q
A

Dog with corneal edema, hyperemia of bulbar conjunctiva, iris neovasuclarization

69
Q
A

Iris bombé in a cat

70
Q
A

Posterior synechia

71
Q
A

Pre-iridal fibrovascular membrane

72
Q

Consequences of Uveitis

A

Synechia - fibrous adhesions

– Posterior - between iris and lens

– Anterior - between iris and cornea

Preiridal fibrovascular membrane (PIFM)

Iris bombé

Cataracts - due to inadequate aqueous flow or posterior synechia

Lens luxation

Glaucoma - blockage of the filtration angle by exudate or adhesions, or by posterior synechia

Retinal detachment

Phthisis bulbi

73
Q
A

Horse with cataract and dyscoria due to posterior synechia

74
Q

Equine recurrent uveitis

A

Periodic ophthalmia, moon blindness, iridocyclitis

Most common cause of blindness in horses, ponies and mules- IMMUNE MEDIATED

Characterized by variable degree of uveitis in one or both eyes

Hypersensitivity to previous systemic infection, particularly Leptospira interrogans serovars implicated

75
Q
A

Equine recurrent uveitis

76
Q

Lens-induced uveitis

A

Inflammatory response to lens protein

Phacolytic - leakage of lens proteins from hypermature cataract

Phacoclastic - rupture of the lens

Phacoclastic more severe

77
Q

Retinitis

A

Usually an extension from choroiditis or encephalitis

Neurotropic viral infections (rabies, pseudorabies, distemper)

Visceral larval migrans – Toxocara canis, Baylisascaris procyonis

Consequences: scarring (gliosis), atrophy

78
Q

Hyphema

A

Blood􏰀in􏰀the􏰀anterior􏰀chamber

Source􏰀– typically􏰀uvea􏰀or􏰀

retina

Primary􏰀vascular􏰀lesion􏰀vs􏰀 disorder􏰀of􏰀hemostasis

What 􏰀is􏰀a􏰀serious􏰀consequence􏰀of􏰀 this􏰀lesion?􏰀

Obstruct the filtration angle; increased IOP; lead to glaucoma

79
Q
A

Hyphema

80
Q
A

Retinal 􏰀hypertensive 􏰀vasculopathy

typical in hyperthyroid cats and CHF dogs

Increase in bp has lead to thickening of the membrane; vessels are prone to rupture

81
Q
A

Incomplete 􏰀separation 􏰀of 􏰀th e􏰀orbits􏰀 during 􏰀embryogenesis

Veratrum 􏰀californicum􏰀in gestion􏰀on􏰀 day􏰀14􏰀gestation

82
Q
A

Cyclopia/Synophthalmos􏰀in􏰀 lambs􏰀

83
Q
A

Lambs with inherited microphthalmia

84
Q
A

Calf with microphthalmia due to in utero BVD infection

85
Q
A

Eyelid agenesis in a cat

86
Q
A

Ankylobephraon in a cat; eyelids are fused; normal right after birth physiological or can be abnormal

87
Q
A

Distichia in a dog

88
Q
A

Ectropion in a dog

eyelids roll out

89
Q
A

Entropion and secondary trichiasis in a dog

90
Q
A

Corneal dermoid in a calf

91
Q
A

Luxated lens – L posterior in dog, R anterior in cat

Can be aquired how? trauma or glaucoma- eye expands so much

92
Q
A

Iris hypoplasia in a dog

93
Q
A

Goniodysgenesis

Cause of primary glaucoma

94
Q
A

Choroidal hypoplasia and coloboma in a collie

95
Q
A

Collie􏰀Eye􏰀Anomaly

96
Q

Collie􏰀Eye􏰀Anomaly

A

Scleral􏰀ectasia

Common disease of smooth and rough collies; inherited as an autosomal recessive trait

Ophthalmoscopic findings

– retinal vessel tortuosity

– focal to diffuse choroidal and tapetal hypoplasia

– optic nerve coloboma

– retinal separation with intraocular

hemorrhage

Disease is always bilateral

Coloboma􏰀=􏰀Notch􏰂like􏰀defects􏰀of􏰀 optic􏰀disk,􏰀retina,􏰀and/or􏰀uvea􏰀as􏰀a􏰀 result􏰀of􏰀defective􏰀closure􏰀of􏰀the􏰀 embryonic􏰀fissure􏰀of􏰀the􏰀eye

97
Q
A

Retinal dysplasia – note jumbling of retinal layers; can develop as a result of a wide variety of retinal injuries in the embryonic eye (BVD, bluetongue, canine parvo / feline panleuk, or as an inherited condition.

98
Q
A

Optic nerve hypoplasia vs atrophy– accompanies primary retinal lesions (lack/loss of ganglion cells).

99
Q
A

Iris melanoma

100
Q

Feline 􏰀Diffus e􏰀Iris􏰀 Melanoma

A

Most􏰀common􏰀intra􏰂ocular􏰀 neoplasm

Esp.􏰀cats􏰀with􏰀yellow􏰀eyes

Most􏰀are􏰀malignant

Clinical􏰀evidence􏰀of􏰀malignancy􏰀(vs􏰀 melanosis􏰀“iris􏰀freckle”)􏰀– raised􏰀 lesions,􏰀velvet􏰀surface,􏰀distortion􏰀of􏰀 pupil/iris

Rate􏰀of􏰀metastasis􏰀low

Rate􏰀of􏰀glaucoma􏰀high

101
Q
A

Feline 􏰀Diffuse 􏰀Iris􏰀 Melanoma

102
Q

Uveal 􏰀melanoma 􏰀in 􏰀other􏰀 species

A

Most􏰀common􏰀intra􏰂ocular􏰀 neoplasm

Most􏰀are􏰀benign􏰀in􏰀the􏰀dog

103
Q
A

Uveal 􏰀melanoma 􏰀in 􏰀other􏰀 species

104
Q
A

Feline diffuse iris melanoma - Histological criteria of malignancy are not prognostically significant.

105
Q
A

Canine􏰀melanoma􏰀in􏰀other􏰀locations

• Haired􏰀skin􏰀of􏰀eyelid􏰀– benign • Conjunctiva􏰀– malignant􏰀

Species and location are the most important prognostic factors for melanocytic neoplasms in general.

106
Q
A

Ciliary􏰀(Iridociliary)􏰀 Adenoma/Carcinoma

Dogs􏰀>>>􏰀cats

Most􏰀are􏰀benign;􏰀usually􏰀behave􏰀 benign􏰀even􏰀when􏰀histologically􏰀 malignant

Discrete􏰀nodules􏰀in􏰀posterior􏰀 segment􏰀

Secondary􏰀glaucoma,􏰀hyphema,􏰀 retinal􏰀detachment􏰀why??

107
Q
A

Intraocular􏰀sarcoma

108
Q

Intraocular􏰀sarcoma

A

Unique to the cat (rare)

Arises following ocular trauma

Malignant􏰀– wide􏰀invasion􏰀 throughout􏰀eye,􏰀including􏰀down􏰀 optic􏰀nerve􏰀and􏰀distance􏰀metastasis􏰀 occurs􏰀following􏰀enucleation

Probably􏰀derived􏰀from􏰀lenticular􏰀 epithelium

109
Q

Uveal 􏰀lymphoma

A

Most􏰀common􏰀metastasis􏰀involving􏰀 the􏰀eye,􏰀especially􏰀in􏰀cats

Thickening/pallor􏰀of􏰀uvea

Clinically􏰀difficult􏰀to􏰀distinguish􏰀from􏰀 uveitis

110
Q
A

Uveal 􏰀lymphoma

VERY COMMON

111
Q
A

Meibomian (sebaceous) adenoma in a dog

112
Q
A

Meibomian (sebaceous) adenoma in a dog

113
Q
A

Corneal squamous cell carcinoma in a cow (R) and eyelid/conjunctival SCC in a cat (L)

114
Q
A

Corneal lipidosis

Breed 􏰀predilections

Associated􏰀with􏰀hyperlipidemia

Somewhat􏰀crystalline􏰀

Calcification􏰀following􏰀keratitis􏰀appears􏰀 similar􏰀

Ddx =􏰀early􏰀“corneal􏰀(endothelial)􏰀 dystrophy”

Corneal􏰀lipidosis

115
Q

Corneal 􏰀pigmentation

A

Derived from uvea (staphyloma)

Response to injury (chronic keratitis)

• Porphyrins from tear film (corneal sequestrum in cats)

Pathology II (20 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions