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anatomy (Woods) > test 2 > Flashcards

test 2 Flashcards

1
Q

what type of system do the heart and blood vessels form

A

closed-loop

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2
Q

how are blood vessels usually named

A

by the body region they transverse or the bone next to them

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3
Q

what does systemic circulation consist of

A

the blood vessels that extend to and from the body tissues

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4
Q

what does pulmonary circulation consist of

A

the vessels that take the blood to the lungs for gas exchange and then return oxygenated blood to the heart

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5
Q

what are the 3 main classes of blood vessels

A

arteries, capillaries and veins

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6
Q

where does gas and nutrient exchange occur

A

capillaries

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7
Q

define anastomosis

A

site where 2+ vessels merge to supply the same body region

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8
Q

what are the 3 layers of an artery

A

tunica intima: intimate/innermost layer
tunica media: middle layer
tunica externa: outside layers

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9
Q

what is the tunica intima composed of

A

layer of simply squamous epithelium called endothelium

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10
Q

what is the tunica media composed of

A

circularly arranged layers of smooth muscle cells under autonomic control

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11
Q

what is the tunica externe composed of

A

areolar connective tissue that contains elastic and collagen fibers and nerve helps. it helps anchor the vessel to other tissues, protects, and supports vessel

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12
Q

define vasa vasorum

A

small blood vessels that supply the cells of the wall

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13
Q

what are the 3 basic types of arteries

A

elastic arteries, muscular arteries and arterioles

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14
Q

what do pulmonary arteries do

A

carry deoxygenated blood to the lungs

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15
Q

what do arteries in systemic circulation do

A

carry oxygenated blood to the body tissues

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16
Q

what are some properties of elastic arteries

A
  • dampen BP changes associated with heart contraction

* passive accommodation results in smooth flow of blood

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17
Q

define arteriosclerosis and atherosclerosis

A

arterio: hardening of arteries
athero: fatty deposits and occlusion

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18
Q

what are risk factors for atherosclerosis

A

genetics, hypercholesterolemia, sex (male), age, smoking, hypertension

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19
Q

what layer does the capillaries have

A

tunica intima (consists of basement membrane and endothelium only)

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20
Q

what do capillaries do

A

allow gas and nutrient exchange between the blood and the body tissues to occur rapidly

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21
Q

what is the sequence of blood movement through capillary bed:

A

terminal arteriole–> metateriole–> true capillaries branch off–> pre-capillary sphincter controls blood flow into capillaries–> thoroughfare channel–> capillaries rejoin–> post-capillary venule

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22
Q

what are the 3 basic kinds of capillaries

A

continuous capillaries, fenestrated capillaries, sinusoids

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23
Q

what is the difference between systemic veins and pulmonary veins

A

systemic carry deox. blood too R atrium

pulmonary car oxygenated blood to L atrium

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24
Q

what is the thickest layer of a vein

A

tunica externa

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25
Q

what is the difference between systolic and diastolic BPq

A

systolic: during ventricular contraction (120)
diastolic: during ventricular relaxation (70).

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26
Q

what are the branches of the aortic arch in sequence relative to L ventricle

A
  1. coronary artery
  2. brachiocephalic
  3. L common carotid
  4. subclavian
    c. thoracic aorta
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27
Q

what is the route of venous return to the heart

A

external iliac and lower limb/internal iliac & pelvis–> common iliac v–> inferior vena cava

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28
Q

what are the branches of the external carotid that arise in carotid triangle

A

superior thyroid artery, ascending pharyngeal artery, lingual artery, facial artery, occipital artery

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29
Q

what supplies arterial supply to the brain (internal)

A

vertebral arteries and internal carotid artery

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30
Q

what arterial supply goes to the head (external)

A

external carotid arteries

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31
Q

what arterial supply goes to the neck (external)

A

external carotid arteries, thyrocervical trunks (from subclavian arteries)

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32
Q

what is the venous drainage of the head and neck

A

brain: dural sinuses to internal jugular veins
head: internal and external jugular veins, vertebral veins
neck: internal and external jugular veins

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33
Q

what is the circle of willis/cerebral arterial circle formed from

A

posterior cerebral arteries and posterior communicating arteries, internal carotid arteries, anterior cerebral arteries, and anterior communicating arteries

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34
Q

what does the circle of willis/cerebral arterial circle do

A

equalizes blood pressure in the brain and can provide collateral channels should one vessel become blocked

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35
Q

what are the branches of the abdominal aorta and where do they go

A

to diaphragm (inferior phrenic)
to GI tract (celiac, superior & inferior mesenteric)
to other organs not part of the gut (suprarenal, renal, gonadal)
to the body wall (lumbar arteries, analogous to intercostal arteries)

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36
Q

define the hepatic portal system

A

venous network that drains the GI tract and shunts the blood to the liver for processing and absorption of transported materials

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37
Q

what does blood exit the liver through

A

hepatic veins that merge with the inferior vena cava

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38
Q

what are the 3 sources of blood supply to the thoracic wall

A

axillary (supreme thoracic and lateral thoracic)
subclavian *(internal thoracic artery)
aorta (intercostal arteries)

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39
Q

what occurs to systolic blood pressure with age

A

it typically increases

40
Q

what epithelium makes up the early neural tube

A

pseudo stratified columnar epithelium

41
Q

what are the 2 cell lineages of bipotential progenitor cells

A

neuronal lineage–> neurons

glial lineage–> neuroglia

42
Q

what is contained in the mantle layer

A

gray matter in the spinal cord (neural glia)

43
Q

what is contained in the marginal layer

A

neuronal processes (axons)

44
Q

what are the steps of molecular regulation of nerve differentiation in the spinal cord

A
  1. BMP4 and & serceted ni the ectoderm establish a signaling center in the roof plate
  2. BMP4 in the roof plate up regulates a cascade of TGF-beta proteins
  3. SHH from notochord establishes additional SHH signaling in the floor plate
  4. overlapping gradient involving the dorsal and ventral factors is established in the neural tube
45
Q

define paraxial mesoderm

A

longitudinal blocks of tissue on either side of the notochord. it gives rise to the axial skeleton and skeletal muscle

46
Q

what does the intermediate mesoderm give rise to

A

urogenital system

47
Q

what does the lateral plate mesoderm give rise to

A

connective tissue and skeleton of the limbs and smooth muscle and connective tissue of viscera and blood vessels

48
Q

what s the segmentation of the axial mesoderm controlled by

A

pulses of gene expression

49
Q

what is the notch signaling network

A

evolutionarily conserved intercellular signalling pathway that regulates interactions between physically adjacent cells

50
Q

where does notch protein accumulate

A

in presomitic mesoderm destined to form the next somite and then decreases as that somite is established

51
Q

what regulates the boundaries of each somite

A

retinoid acid and combination of FGF8 and WNT3a

52
Q

what are the 3 divisions of a sometime and what do they become

A

sclerotome: ventromedial portion of closest to the notochord
dermatome: will become the dermis
myotome: gives rise to muscles

53
Q

where does resegmentation take place

A

sclerotome

54
Q

how is the kind of vertebrae a somite will become controlled

A

the interaction of Hox genes

55
Q

what does MyoD do

A

transcription factor that regulates hypaxial muscle development

56
Q

what does MYF5 do

A

transcription factor that regulates epaxial muscle development

57
Q

what does the intermediate mesoderm form

A

gonads (except primitive germ cells)

ducts, accessory glands of urinary and reproductive tracts

58
Q

define congenital scoliosis

A

abnormal lateral curvature of the spine, resulting from disruption of normal vertebral development

59
Q

what do ribs arise from

A

zones of condensed mesenchyme lateral to the body of the vertebra

60
Q

what does the sternum develop from

A

cartilaginous sternal bars in ventral body wall (fuse with one another in cranial-caudal direction)

61
Q

explain pectus carinatum

A

overgrowth of cartilage causing the sternum to protrude

62
Q

explain pectus excavatum

A

assumed to be caused by overgrowth of the costal cartilage. costal cartilage overgrowth restricts the expansions of the ribs and pushes the sternum inward

63
Q

how is the position of limbs along the craniocaudal axis regulated

A

Hox genes

64
Q

what is limb outgrowth initiated by

A

TBX5 and FGF10 in the forelimb and TBX4 and FGF10 in the hindlimb secreted by the lateral plate mesoderm cells

65
Q

what is the partial or complete absence of a limb called

A

part: mesomelia
all: amelia

66
Q

define phocomelia

A

feet and hands arise very close to the trunk

67
Q

what induces the formation of the AER

A

once limb outgrowth is initiated, BMP, expressed in ventral ectoderm induce its formation

68
Q

what 2 regions control limb tissue development

A

AER

ZPA

69
Q

what occurs in the progress zone

A

mitosis and limb lengthening

70
Q

what does AER do

A

it is a thickened ectoderm on apex of limb bud

it directs limb bud organization along proximo-distal axis and matins dorsal/ventral axes

71
Q

what does AER express after it is established and what do they do

A

FGF4 and 8: maintain the progress zone

72
Q

what is the ZPA

A

mesodermal cells located at the base of the limb bud

73
Q

what does the ZPA produce and do

A

produces retionic acid (which initiated expression of SHH)

it directs the organization of limb bud and patterning of digits

74
Q

what is polydactyly due to

A

misimpression of RA and/or SHH

duplication of AER

75
Q

define zone of differentiation

A

region of cell specialization

76
Q

what happens to cells that are no longer within range of AER

A

they remain proximal in nature

77
Q

explain syndactyly

A

most common limb abnormality
webbed fingers or toes
failure of programmed apoptosis in digital ray

78
Q

what does the neural crest give rise to

A

schwann cells

79
Q

how do the upper limbs rotate

A

90 degrees laterally

80
Q

how do the lower limbs rotate

A

90 degrees medially

81
Q

explain achondroplasia

A

most prevalent form of dwarfism
mutate of FGF-R3
pathological changes at epiphyseal plate: zones of proliferation and hypertrophy are narrow and disorganized

82
Q

what is the difference between tendons and ligaments

A

tendons: attach muscle to bone, skin or another muscle
ligaments: attach bone to bone

83
Q

define aponeurosis

A

thin, flattened sheet of tendons

84
Q

define origin

A

less movable attachment of a muscle

85
Q

define insertion

A

more movable attachment of the muscle

86
Q

describe circular organization of fascicles

A

muscle is also called a sphincter because contraction of the muscle closes off the opening

87
Q

describe convergent organization of fascicles

A

muscle has widespread muscle fibers that converge on a common attachment site and are often triangular in shape

88
Q

describe parallel organization of fascicles

A

fascicles run parallel to its long axis (have a central body called belly/gaster)

89
Q

describe pennate organization of fascicles

A

have one or more tendons extending through their body, and the fascicles are arranged at an oblique angle to the tendon

90
Q

define effort, load and fulcrum

A

effort: work required
load: what is being resisted or being moved
fulcrum: point of movement (joint)

91
Q

define resistance arm

A

distance between axis and point of resistance application

92
Q

define force arm

A

distance between axis and point of force

93
Q

describe the 3 classes of levers

A

1: has fulcrum in middle (between force and resistance)
2: resistance is between the fulcrum and applied force
3: force is applied between the resistance and the fulcrum (most common levers in the body)

94
Q

define agonists

A

primer mover contracts to produce a particular movement

95
Q

define antagonist

A

actions oppose those of the agonist

96
Q

define synergist

A

assist the prime mover in performing its action
contraction contributes to tension exerted close to the insertion of the muscle or stabilizes the point of origin
may also assist an agonist by preventing movement at a joint and thereby stabilizing the origin of the agonist
called fixators

anatomy (Woods) (19 decks)

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