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anatomy (Woods) > quick histo test 2 > Flashcards

quick histo test 2 Flashcards

1
Q

alpha beta crystallin

A

heat shock protein that protects desmin from mechanical stress

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2
Q

dystrophin

A

protein that links alpha-actinin/desmin complex to cytoplasmic side of sarcmolemma

anchors actin to sarcolemma and reinforces sarcolemma during muscle contraction

associated with muscular dystrophy

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3
Q

dystroglycan complex

A

links dystrophin to laminin2

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4
Q

alpha actinin

A

attaches thin filaments to the Z line

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5
Q

nebulin

A

acts like a template for the regulation of thin filament length
extends from the Z line to end of actin filament

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6
Q

titin

A

generates passive tension through elastic extension when the sarcomere is stretched
extends from Z disk to middle of H band and connects ends of thick filaments to Z line
provides myosin with elasticity
centers thick filaments in the sarcomere

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7
Q

desmin

A

framework of desmin filaments which surrounds Z line and extends into each sarcomere
links myofibrils laterally and to the sarcolemma

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8
Q

plectin

A

binds desmin filaments

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9
Q

define satellite cells

A 
attach to myotubes before basal lamina is laid down
function as stem cells
give rise to myogenic precursor cells
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10
Q

what are intrafusal fibers

A

part of muscle spindle

nuclear bag region is the sensory region, nuclear bag fibers, nuclear chain fibers

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11
Q

what are alpha motor neurons

A

part of muscle spindle that go to extrafusal fibers

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12
Q

what are gamma motor neurons

A

go to intrafusal fibers

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13
Q

what do ANP do

A

secreted by cardiac muscle cells in atria
regulate fluid electrolyte balance
relax vascular smooth muscle: reduces blood volume and pressure
stored as prohormone in secretory vesicles
release stimulated by atrial stress

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14
Q

what do dense bodies do

A

anchor actin filaments to each and to cell membrane

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15
Q

what is the direction of anterograde transport

A

cell body toward distal end of axon

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16
Q

what is the direction of retrograde transport

A

axon toward cell body

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17
Q

define golgi 1

A

neurons with long axons which leave the grey matter of which they are a part

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18
Q

define golgi 2

A

neurons with short axons which ramify through the gray matter

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19
Q

what uses anterograde slow SCA component

A

preassembled microtubules and neurofilaments

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20
Q

what uses SCb component of anterograde

A

enzymes, actin and clathrin

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21
Q

what uses intermediate anterograde transport

A

mitochondria and other membrane bound organelles

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22
Q

what uses fast anterograde transport

A

synaptic vesicles and neurotransmitters

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23
Q

what uses retrograde transport

A

endocytosed materials and recycled proteins

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24
Q

where are astrocytes found and what do they do

A

from neural crest and in CNS

regulate intracellular environ, structural support, BBB, development of cerebral cortex, K+ sink, scar tissue

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25
Q

where are oligodendrocytes found and what do they do

A

CNS (from neural crest)

closely associated with neuron cell bodes in gray matter and function as satellite cells

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26
Q

what are schwann cells and where are they found

A

derived from neural crest and in PNS

myelinate axons of PNS

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27
Q

what are microglial cells and where are they found

A

derived from macrophage precursors, in PNS
recruit leukocytes across BBB
immune response along with astrocytes

28
Q

what are ependymal cells and where are they found

A 
CNS 
function in transport
29
Q

what are satellite cells

A

function as insulators

30
Q

define intraperiod line

A

electron-dense line created by extracellular space between adjacent outer leaflets

31
Q

define major protein zero

A

transmembrane protein that forms homodimers (only in PNS)

32
Q

in neuromuscular spindles, intrafusal fibers within the neuromuscular spindles are supplied by which fiber

A

gamma fibers

33
Q

what collagen forms a meshwork in the basement membranes

A

type 4

34
Q

which type of cell is associated with the BBB

A

astrocytes

35
Q

which cell types have a bilobed nucleus and specific granules containing major basic protein that disrupts parasite membranes

A

eusoinophil

36
Q

in the hematopoetic lineage of the various granulocytes, which immature cell type may normally be found in the circulation

A

band cell

37
Q

PTH stimulates osteoblasts to secrete express what

A

M-CSF and RANKL

38
Q

in a skeletal muscle fibers, what extends from one myofibril to another and to the sarcolemma

A

desmin

39
Q

what describes the olfactory mucosa

A

pseudo stratified columnar epithelium lacking goblet cells with no distinct basement membrane

40
Q

what are osteoblasts characterized by

A 
alkaine phosphatase (not found in osteocytes0
vitamine D3 (regulates expresso of osteocalcin)
41
Q

what major protein product of osteoblasts has a high binding affinity for hydroxyapatite

A

osteocalcin

42
Q

where are cells located in bone

A

lacunae

43
Q

which of the following are not part of a aversion system?

periostem, lacunae, lamellae, volkman canal, canaliculi

A

periosteum

44
Q

parathyroid hormone stimulates osteoblasts to secrete/express which of the following

A

M-CSF and RANKL

45
Q

what do osteoblasts give rise to

A

osteoblasts and bone lining cells

46
Q

what is intramembranous bone arrogation of mesenchymal cells controlled by (signals

A

Wnt, Hedghog, FGF, TGF-beta

47
Q

what doe the trapped osteoblasts that become osteocytes form

A

functional syncytium

48
Q

what does the osteoid include

A

collagen I and non-collagen proteins

49
Q

what does the primary ossification center in intramembranous bone formation become

A

trabecular

50
Q

how are collagen fibers arranged in woven bone

A

randomly

51
Q

where does the primary ossification center occur in endochondral bone formation

A

future diaphysis of cartilage model

52
Q

what secretes the vascular endothelial growth factor

A

chondrocytes

53
Q

where does the secondary ossification center occur in endochondral bone formation

A

epiphyses

54
Q

what is the function of the muscle spindle

A

detect length change in muscle

55
Q

define caveolae

A

permanent depressions of the cell membrane that are involved in fluid and electrolyte transport

56
Q

what initiates the formation of caveolae

A

caveolin binds to the cholesterol in the lipid rafts

57
Q

what does atria natriuretic peptides do (ANP)

A

secreted by cardiac muscle cells in atria and regulate fluid electrolyte balance
*relax vascular smooth muscle which reduces blood volume and pressure
stored as prohormone in secretory vesicles

58
Q

what do dense bodies do

A

communicate force of contraction to cytoskeleton and cell membrane

59
Q

what is the micro architecture of a typical peripheral nerve

A

epineurium
perineurium
endoneurium

60
Q

what is in the epineurium of the microarchitecture

A

thick fibrous coat, covers entire cell, supplied by blood and lymphatic vessels, type 1 collagen and fibroblasts

61
Q

what is the perineurium

A

dense connective tissue, covers bundles of axons (fascicles) within nerve, epithelial-like fibroblasts on inner surface are joined by tight junctions
Blood nerve barrier

62
Q

define blood nerve barrier

A

endothelial cells of vessels are also linked by tight junctions

63
Q

what is in the endoneurium

A

thin layer of reticular connective tissue
surrounds individual fibers and schwann cells
type 3 collagen

64
Q

what is plasma membrane associated proteolipid protein (PLP)

A

stabilizes adjacent stacks of membrane of oligodendrocytes. PLP has tetraspanin structure with short and long extracellular loops and 2 intracellular tails

65
Q

define choroid plexus

A

highly infolded simple cuboidal epithelium that extends into the ventricles from the roof plate

66
Q

what is the ependyma

A

layer of simple cuboidal epithelium that lines the ventricular walls

67
Q

what is the difference between the postganglionic axons in sensory and autonomic ganglia

A

sensory: myelinated
autonomic: not myelinated

anatomy (Woods) (19 decks)

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