quick histo test 2

Question 1

alpha beta crystallin

Answer 1

heat shock protein that protects desmin from mechanical stress

Question 2

dystrophin

Answer 2

protein that links alpha-actinin/desmin complex to cytoplasmic side of sarcmolemma

anchors actin to sarcolemma and reinforces sarcolemma during muscle contraction

associated with muscular dystrophy

Question 3

dystroglycan complex

Answer 3

links dystrophin to laminin2

Question 4

alpha actinin

Answer 4

attaches thin filaments to the Z line

Question 5

nebulin

Answer 5

acts like a template for the regulation of thin filament length
extends from the Z line to end of actin filament

Question 6

titin

Answer 6

generates passive tension through elastic extension when the sarcomere is stretched
extends from Z disk to middle of H band and connects ends of thick filaments to Z line
provides myosin with elasticity
centers thick filaments in the sarcomere

Question 7

desmin

Answer 7

framework of desmin filaments which surrounds Z line and extends into each sarcomere
links myofibrils laterally and to the sarcolemma

Question 8

plectin

Answer 8

binds desmin filaments

Question 9

define satellite cells

Answer 9

attach to myotubes before basal lamina is laid down
function as stem cells
give rise to myogenic precursor cells

Question 10

what are intrafusal fibers

Answer 10

part of muscle spindle

nuclear bag region is the sensory region, nuclear bag fibers, nuclear chain fibers

Question 11

what are alpha motor neurons

Answer 11

part of muscle spindle that go to extrafusal fibers

Question 12

what are gamma motor neurons

Answer 12

go to intrafusal fibers

Question 13

what do ANP do

Answer 13

secreted by cardiac muscle cells in atria
regulate fluid electrolyte balance
relax vascular smooth muscle: reduces blood volume and pressure
stored as prohormone in secretory vesicles
release stimulated by atrial stress

Question 14

what do dense bodies do

Answer 14

anchor actin filaments to each and to cell membrane

Question 15

what is the direction of anterograde transport

Answer 15

cell body toward distal end of axon

Question 16

what is the direction of retrograde transport

Answer 16

axon toward cell body

Question 17

define golgi 1

Answer 17

neurons with long axons which leave the grey matter of which they are a part

Question 18

define golgi 2

Answer 18

neurons with short axons which ramify through the gray matter

Question 19

what uses anterograde slow SCA component

Answer 19

preassembled microtubules and neurofilaments

Question 20

what uses SCb component of anterograde

Answer 20

enzymes, actin and clathrin

Question 21

what uses intermediate anterograde transport

Answer 21

mitochondria and other membrane bound organelles

Question 22

what uses fast anterograde transport

Answer 22

synaptic vesicles and neurotransmitters

Question 23

what uses retrograde transport

Answer 23

endocytosed materials and recycled proteins

Question 24

where are astrocytes found and what do they do

Answer 24

from neural crest and in CNS

regulate intracellular environ, structural support, BBB, development of cerebral cortex, K+ sink, scar tissue

Question 25

where are oligodendrocytes found and what do they do

Answer 25

CNS (from neural crest) | closely associated with neuron cell bodes in gray matter and function as satellite cells

Question 26

what are schwann cells and where are they found

Answer 26

derived from neural crest and in PNS | myelinate axons of PNS

Question 27

what are microglial cells and where are they found

Answer 27

derived from macrophage precursors, in PNS recruit leukocytes across BBB immune response along with astrocytes

Question 28

what are ependymal cells and where are they found

Answer 28

``` CNS function in transport ```

Question 29

what are satellite cells

Answer 29

function as insulators

Question 30

define intraperiod line

Answer 30

electron-dense line created by extracellular space between adjacent outer leaflets

Question 31

define major protein zero

Answer 31

transmembrane protein that forms homodimers (only in PNS)

Question 32

in neuromuscular spindles, intrafusal fibers within the neuromuscular spindles are supplied by which fiber

Answer 32

gamma fibers

Question 33

what collagen forms a meshwork in the basement membranes

Answer 33

type 4

Question 34

which type of cell is associated with the BBB

Answer 34

astrocytes

Question 35

which cell types have a bilobed nucleus and specific granules containing major basic protein that disrupts parasite membranes

Answer 35

eusoinophil

Question 36

in the hematopoetic lineage of the various granulocytes, which immature cell type may normally be found in the circulation

Answer 36

band cell

Question 37

PTH stimulates osteoblasts to secrete express what

Answer 37

M-CSF and RANKL

Question 38

in a skeletal muscle fibers, what extends from one myofibril to another and to the sarcolemma

Answer 38

desmin

Question 39

what describes the olfactory mucosa

Answer 39

pseudo stratified columnar epithelium lacking goblet cells with no distinct basement membrane

Question 40

what are osteoblasts characterized by

Answer 40

``` alkaine phosphatase (not found in osteocytes0 vitamine D3 (regulates expresso of osteocalcin) ```

Question 41

what major protein product of osteoblasts has a high binding affinity for hydroxyapatite

Answer 41

osteocalcin

Question 42

where are cells located in bone

Answer 42

lacunae

Question 43

which of the following are not part of a aversion system? | periostem, lacunae, lamellae, volkman canal, canaliculi

Answer 43

periosteum

Question 44

parathyroid hormone stimulates osteoblasts to secrete/express which of the following

Answer 44

M-CSF and RANKL

Question 45

what do osteoblasts give rise to

Answer 45

osteoblasts and bone lining cells

Question 46

what is intramembranous bone arrogation of mesenchymal cells controlled by (signals

Answer 46

Wnt, Hedghog, FGF, TGF-beta

Question 47

what doe the trapped osteoblasts that become osteocytes form

Answer 47

functional syncytium

Question 48

what does the osteoid include

Answer 48

collagen I and non-collagen proteins

Question 49

what does the primary ossification center in intramembranous bone formation become

Answer 49

trabecular

Question 50

how are collagen fibers arranged in woven bone

Answer 50

randomly

Question 51

where does the primary ossification center occur in endochondral bone formation

Answer 51

future diaphysis of cartilage model

Question 52

what secretes the vascular endothelial growth factor

Answer 52

chondrocytes

Question 53

where does the secondary ossification center occur in endochondral bone formation

Answer 53

epiphyses

Question 54

what is the function of the muscle spindle

Answer 54

detect length change in muscle

Question 55

define caveolae

Answer 55

permanent depressions of the cell membrane that are involved in fluid and electrolyte transport

Question 56

what initiates the formation of caveolae

Answer 56

caveolin binds to the cholesterol in the lipid rafts

Question 57

what does atria natriuretic peptides do (ANP)

Answer 57

secreted by cardiac muscle cells in atria and regulate fluid electrolyte balance *relax vascular smooth muscle which reduces blood volume and pressure stored as prohormone in secretory vesicles

Question 58

what do dense bodies do

Answer 58

communicate force of contraction to cytoskeleton and cell membrane

Question 59

what is the micro architecture of a typical peripheral nerve

Answer 59

epineurium perineurium endoneurium

Question 60

what is in the epineurium of the microarchitecture

Answer 60

thick fibrous coat, covers entire cell, supplied by blood and lymphatic vessels, type 1 collagen and fibroblasts

Question 61

what is the perineurium

Answer 61

dense connective tissue, covers bundles of axons (fascicles) within nerve, epithelial-like fibroblasts on inner surface are joined by tight junctions Blood nerve barrier

Question 62

define blood nerve barrier

Answer 62

endothelial cells of vessels are also linked by tight junctions

Question 63

what is in the endoneurium

Answer 63

thin layer of reticular connective tissue surrounds individual fibers and schwann cells type 3 collagen

Question 64

what is plasma membrane associated proteolipid protein (PLP)

Answer 64

stabilizes adjacent stacks of membrane of oligodendrocytes. PLP has tetraspanin structure with short and long extracellular loops and 2 intracellular tails

Question 65

define choroid plexus

Answer 65

highly infolded simple cuboidal epithelium that extends into the ventricles from the roof plate

Question 66

what is the ependyma

Answer 66

layer of simple cuboidal epithelium that lines the ventricular walls

Question 67

what is the difference between the postganglionic axons in sensory and autonomic ganglia

Answer 67

sensory: myelinated autonomic: not myelinated