Exam 3 full lecture review

Question 1

how many phosphate bonds are needed to form one peptide linkage

Answer 1

4

Question 2

what steps of the ornithine cycle occur in the mitochondria

Answer 2

formation of carbamoyl phosphate and formation of citrulline

Question 3

what steps of the ornithine cycle occur in the cytoplasm

Answer 3

formation of argininosuccinate, arginine+fumarate, urea+ ornithine

Question 4

what product of the ornithine cycle can enter the citric acid cycle

Answer 4

fumarate

Question 5

what is the major rate-limiting factor for almost all energy metabolism in the body

Answer 5

ADP

Question 6

what is one of the best known stimuli for increasing rate of thyroid stimulating hormone

Answer 6

cold

Question 7

how is most glucose absorbed after a meal stored

Answer 7

as glycogen in the liver

Question 8

what does insulin inactivate

Answer 8

liver phosphorlyase

Question 9

what happens to insulin level when fat is used for energy

Answer 9

it decreases

Question 10

what happens to insulin level when carbs are used as energy

Answer 10

it increases

Question 11

describe the blood flow and vascular resistance of the liver

Answer 11

high blood flow and low vascular resistance

Question 12

what is the portal pressure into the liver

Answer 12

9 mm Hg

Question 13

what is the pressure from then liver to vena cava

Answer 13

0 mm Hg

Question 14

how does cirrhosis effect blood flow

Answer 14

increases resistance to blood flow

Question 15

what are hepatic sinusoids highly permeable to

Answer 15

proteins

Question 16

define ascites

Answer 16

large amount of fluid in abdominal cavity

Question 17

what synthesizes cholic and chenodeoxycholic acids

Answer 17

hepatocytes

Question 18

what converts deoxycholic acid and lithocholic acid

Answer 18

bacteria

Question 19

what is the major pigment of bile

Answer 19

bilirubin

Question 20

how is heme transported in the blood

Answer 20

by transferrin

Question 21

what is heme converted by heme oxygenate into

Answer 21

biliverdin

Question 22

what is free bilirubin attached to as it is transported in the blood to liver hepatocytes

Answer 22

plasma albumin

Question 23

what are some intracellular receptor for lipid soluble hormones

Answer 23

adrenal and steroidal hormones, thyroid hormones, retinoid hormones, vitamin D

Question 24

define hormone response element

Answer 24

activate hormone-receptor complex binds to promoter sequence of DNA

Question 25

what is an example of a somatotrope (acidophils)

Answer 25

human growth factor

Question 26

what is an example of a corticotrope

Answer 26

ACTH

Question 27

what is an example of a thyrotrope

Answer 27

TSH

Question 28

what is an example of a gonadotrope

Answer 28

LH and FSH

Question 29

what is an example of a lactotrope

Answer 29

prolactin

Question 30

where is the sodium-iodide symporter located

Answer 30

basal membrane of thyroid cell

Question 31

what is the transporter involved in transporting iodide across apical membrane of cell into follicle

Answer 31

pendrin (chloride-iodide counter-transporter_

Question 32

what catalyzes the conversion of iodide into iodine

Answer 32

peroxidase

Question 33

where are thyroglobulin molecules stored until they are needed

Answer 33

colloid

Question 34

what is the major iodine metabolism hormonal product

Answer 34

thyroxine

Question 35

what are the major causes of hyperthyroidism

Answer 35

grave's disease and adenoma

Question 36

what is the major mineralocorticoid

Answer 36

aldosterone

Question 37

what do intercalated cells increase

Answer 37

hydrogen ion secretion by kidneys

Question 38

what is aldosterone mainly controlled by

Answer 38

angiotensin II and K+

Question 39

what is aldosterone secreted by

Answer 39

zona glomerulosa

Question 40

what is the major glucocorticoid

Answer 40

cortisol

Question 41

what is cortisol secretion mainly controlled by

Answer 41

ACTH

Question 42

what is the second messenger for CRH and ACTH

Answer 42

cAMP

Question 43

what secretes cortisol

Answer 43

zona fasciculata

Question 44

what can lead to adrenal diabetes

Answer 44

cortisol (glucocorticoid)

Question 45

what are some major characteristics of cushing's disease

Answer 45

buffalo torso, moon face, muscle wasting

Question 46

what is the primary cause of addison's disease

Answer 46

due to injury to adrenal cortex

Question 47

what is the secondary cause of addison's disease

Answer 47

impaired function of pituitary gland

Question 48

how does hypocalcemia effect the nervous system

Answer 48

causes it to become excited and have tetany

Question 49

where does the first sign of tetany due to hypocalcemia occur

Answer 49

hands, resulting in carpopedal spasm

Question 50

when does hypocalcemia become lethal

Answer 50

4 mg/dl

Question 51

what is the active form of vitamin D

Answer 51

1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol

Question 52

what type of domains does vitamin D receptor have

Answer 52

hormone-binding and DNA-binding

Question 53

describe calbindin

Answer 53

calcium-binding protein that functions in the brush border of epithelial cells to transport calcium into the cell cytoplasm

Question 54

where does the cell body of each sympathetic preganglionic neuron lie

Answer 54

in the intermediolateral horn of the spinal cord (T1-L2)

Question 55

what type of fibers are postganglionic sympathetic fibers

Answer 55

type C

Question 56

where are greater splanchnic nerves located and where do they synapse

Answer 56

T5-T9 and synapse in celiac ganglion

Question 57

where are lesser splanchnic nerves located and where do they synapse

Answer 57

T10-T11 and synapse in superior mesenteric ganglion

Question 58

where are least splanchnic nerves located and where do they synapse

Answer 58

T12 and synapse in aorticorenal ganglion

Question 59

what is the neurotransmitter for postganglionic parasympathetic fibers

Answer 59

Ach

Question 60

where do preganglionics of the oculomotor nerve go

Answer 60

from edinger-westphal nucleus to ciliary ganglion

Question 61

where do postganglionics of the oculomotor nerve go

Answer 61

from ciliary ganglion to sphincter pupillage muscle

Question 62

where do preganglionics of the facial nerve go

Answer 62

from superior salivatory and lacrimal nuclei to submandibular/sublingual ganglia

Question 63

where do postganglionics of the facial nerve go

Answer 63

to lacrimal gland, submandibular gland, sublingual gland and mucous glands of mouth and nose

Question 64

where do preganglionics of the glossopharyngeal nerve go

Answer 64

from inferior salivatory nucleus to otic ganglion

Question 65

where do postganglionics of the glossopharyngeal nerve go

Answer 65

to parotid gland

Question 66

where do preganglionics of the vagus nerve from

Answer 66

dorsal motor nucleus

Question 67

where do postganglionics of the vagus nerve go

Answer 67

myenteric plexus of wall of gut tube all the way to left colic flexure

Question 68

what is the major parasympathetic supply to thoracic and abdominal organs

Answer 68

vagus nerve

Question 69

what amino acid is the precursor for norepinephrine

Answer 69

tyrosine

Question 70

where are monoamine oxidases found

Answer 70

in nerve endings

Question 71

where is COMT found

Answer 71

present in all tissues

Question 72

where are muscarinic receptors found

Answer 72

all effector cells stimulated by postganglionic cholinergic neurons

Question 73

where are nicotinic receptors found

Answer 73

neuromuscular junctions in skeletal muscles

Question 74

what is the role of beta3

Answer 74

thermogenesis

Question 75

what are roles of beta1

Answer 75

cardioacceleration, increased myocardial strength, lipolysis

Question 76

what drugs cause release of norepinephrine

Answer 76

ephedrine, tyramine, amphetamine

Question 77

what does reserpine do

Answer 77

blocks synthesis and storage of norepinephrine

Question 78

what does guanethidine do

Answer 78

blocks release of norepinephrine

Question 79

what does phenoxybenzamine/phentolamine do

Answer 79

block sympathetic alpha receptors

Question 80

what does propranolol do

Answer 80

blocks sympathetic beta1 and beta2 receptors

Question 81

what does hexamethonium do

Answer 81

blocks transmission through autonomic ganglia

Question 82

what drugs inhibit acetylcholinesterase

Answer 82

neostigmine, pyridostigmine, ambenonium

Question 83

what drugs block cholinergic activity

Answer 83

atropine, homatropine, scopolamine

Question 84

where are sperm cells stored until ejaculation

Answer 84

epididymis

Question 85

what forms testosterone

Answer 85

cells of leydig

Question 86

what is testosterone converted into once in liver

Answer 86

androsterone and dehydroepiandrosterone

Question 87

where are sertoli cells located

Answer 87

seminiferous tubules

Question 88

what acts as nurse cells

Answer 88

sertoli cells

Question 89

where are cells of leydig found

Answer 89

interstitial spaces in testes

Question 90

what provides energy for sperm during ejaculation

Answer 90

fructose

Question 91

what does testosterone have a negative effect on

Answer 91

hypothalamus

Question 92

what secretes inhibin

Answer 92

sertoli cells

Question 93

what does inhibin do

Answer 93

inhibits secretion of FSH by anterior pituitary and secretion of GnRH to a lesser extent

Question 94

what are some anterior pituitary sex hormones

Answer 94

FSH, LH