development of pharyngeal arches (S2)

Question 1

what are the 3 components of the pharyngeal complex

Answer 1

arch, cleft, pouches

Question 2

what is the mesenchyme that creates the facial skeleton come from

Answer 2

neural crest

Question 3

what do the muscles of the face originate from

Answer 3

mesoderm

Question 4

what do the posterior portions of the neurocranium and basicranium come from

Answer 4

mesoderm

Question 5

what are the anterior portions of the sphenoid and frontal bones derived from

Answer 5

neural crest

Question 6

what does the first pharyngeal arch form

Answer 6

maxillary and mandibular prominence

Question 7

what nerve supplies tissues derived from the first arch

Answer 7

trigeminal ganglion

Question 8

what type of muscles arise from arch one

Answer 8

muscles of mastication

Question 9

what type of muscles arise from arch 2

Answer 9

facial expression

Question 10

what muscle arises from arch 3

Answer 10

stylopharyngeus

Question 11

what structures are formed from the frontonasal prominence

Answer 11

forehead, bridge of nose and lateral nasal prominences

Question 12

what structures are formed from the maxillary prominence

Answer 12

cheeks, lateral portion of upper lip

Question 13

what structures are formed from the medial nasal

Answer 13

philtrum of upper lip, crest and tip of nose

Question 14

what structures are formed from the lateral nasal

Answer 14

alae of nose

Question 15

what structure is formed from the mandibular prominence

Answer 15

lower lip

Question 16

what signal makes sure that the tongue drops down and out of the way and also that it is mobile

Answer 16

Tbx22

Question 17

where are BMPs located and expressed

Answer 17

expressed early; superficial location-palatal shelves

Question 18

what mutation can lead to ankyloglossia

Answer 18

mutation of TBX22

Question 19

what is median cleft lip due to

Answer 19

incomplete merging of the 2 medial nasal prominences

Question 20

what does a complete cleft palate involve

Answer 20

cleft of the palate and alveolus

Question 21

what type of communication occurs as a result of a complete cleft palate

Answer 21

open communication between oral and nasal cavities

Question 22

what occurs when there is a bilateral cleft palate

Answer 22

the pre maxilla is unattached, allowing it to grow forwards

Question 23

define macrostomia

Answer 23

hypoplasia or incomplete fusion of maxillary and mandibular prominences. typically results in abnormally large mouth

Question 24

what are some class arch 1 abnormalities

Answer 24

treacher-collins syndrome and pierre robin syndrome

Question 25

describe the phenotype associated with treacher-collins syndrome

Answer 25

downward-slanting eyes, small mandible and malformed/absent ears, autosomal dominant (chromosome 5)

Question 26

describe characteristics of pierre robin sequence

Answer 26

micro/retrognathia, glossoptosis, and airway obstruction. more specifically is problem with mandible

Question 27

what does the posterior part of arch 2 differentiate into

Answer 27

stapes and styloid process of temporal bone

Question 28

what does the anterior portion of arch 2 differentiate into

Answer 28

lesser horns (cornu) and the superior portion of hyoid bone)

Question 29

where does the stylohyoid ligament form

Answer 29

in between the anterior and posterior portions of the second arch

Question 30

what are the skeletal elements of the 3rd arch

Answer 30

greater horn (cornu) and inferior portion of hyoid bone

Question 31

where does the epiglottis come from

Answer 31

laryngeotracheal diverticulum

Question 32

what does aortic arch 1 contribute to

Answer 32

maxillary arteries

Question 33

what does aortic arch 2 contribute to

Answer 33

produce stapedial and hyoid arteries

Question 34

what does aortic arch 3 contribute to

Answer 34

common carotid arteries and proximal portion of internal carotid arteries

Question 35

what is derived from the 1st pharyngeal cleft

Answer 35

external auditory meatus

Question 36

what is derived from the 1st pharyngeal pouch

Answer 36

middle ear, auditory tube

Question 37

what is derived from the 2nd pharyngeal pouch

Answer 37

supra-tonsillar fossa, palatine tonsils

Question 38

what is derived from the 3rd pharyngeal pouch

Answer 38

thymus, parathyroid gland

Question 39

what is derived from the 4th pharyngeal pouch

Answer 39

ultimobranch. body

Question 40

what can remnants of the pharyngeal clefts 2-4 appear as

Answer 40

cervical cysts or fistulas along anterior border of sternocleidomastoid muscle

Question 41

what is located between the first pouch and cleft

Answer 41

tympanic membrane

Question 42

what is digeorge syndrome characterized by

Answer 42

hypoparathyroidism which results in hypocalcemia, hypo plastic or absent thymus, conotruncal heart defects, cleft lip and/or palate

Question 43

what does the anterior part of the tongue arise from

Answer 43

1st arch that is formed from 3 masses

Question 44

what 3 masses form the anterior part of the tongue

Answer 44

2 lateral lingual swellings and the tuberculum impar

Question 45

what does the base of the tongue develop from

Answer 45

3rd arch

Question 46

what is the site called where the base and the body of the tongue come together

Answer 46

sulcus terminalis

Question 47

what provides sensory innervation to the anterior 2/3 of the tongue

Answer 47

lingual nerve, branch of trigeminal nerve, CN V

Question 48

what innervates the taste buds of the anterior 2/3 of the tongue

Answer 48

facial nerve, CN VII (chorda tympani)

Question 49

what does the posterior 1/3 of the tongue arise from

Answer 49

hypopharyngeal eminence

Question 50

what provides sensory innervation to the posterior 1/3 of the tongue

Answer 50

glossopharyngeal nerve, CN IX

Question 51

what does thyroid gland arise from

Answer 51

midline thyroid diverticulum

Question 52

what is the site of the opening of the thyroglossal duct

Answer 52

foramen cecum

Question 53

where is the thyroid diverticulum positioned

Answer 53

between the anterior 2/3 and posterior 1/3 of the developing tongue