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Biology > Test 2 > Flashcards

Test 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

True or false:
Enzymes are catalysts that convert positive 🔺G reactions to negative 🔺reactions

A

False

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2
Q

What is true concerning exerting pathways?

A

They are frequently coupled to endergonic pathways vía an energy coupler called ATP

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3
Q

What would yield the most energy per gram when oxidized?

A

Fat

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4
Q

What would involve a decrease of entropy within the system?

A

Dehydration synthesis of a protein from 20 different amino acids

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5
Q

What is the net change in free energy (🔺G) for a reaction that has reached chemical equilibrium?

A

No bet change (🔺G=0)

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6
Q

What is the most randomized form of energy?

A

Heat

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7
Q

According to the second law of thermodynamics

A

The entropy of the universe is constantly increasing

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8
Q

How does ATP make a chemical reaction go?

A

By the formation of a phosphorylated intermediate compound which is lore reactive

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9
Q

A chemical reaction that has a positive 🔺G is correctly described as

A

Endergonic

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10
Q

The phrase “enzymes are specific” means what?

A

Enzymes have specific environments wherein they can effectively catalyze reactions, and enzymes interact only with specific cellular substrates when catalyzing reactions

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11
Q

What best describes chemical equilibrium?

A

Reactions continuing with no effect on the concentrations of reactants and products

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12
Q

Which organelle can convert light energy into a chemical reaction?

A

Chloroplast

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13
Q

True or false: lysosomes are Involved in protein synthesis

A

False

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14
Q

What is found in an animal cell, but not in a bacteria cell?

A

Endoplasmas reticulum (ER)

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15
Q

What does not require ATP energy?

A

The diffusion of ions into a cell

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16
Q

What component is present in all prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells (in other words all living cells)?

A

Ribosomes

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17
Q

What type of cell would probably provide the best opportunity to study lysosomes?

A

Phagocytes white blood cells

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18
Q

Which organelle contain some of their own DNA and ribosomes?

A

Mitochondria and chloroplasts

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19
Q

Which organelles are more common in cells that are heavily i volver with the synthesis and excretion of steroids

A

Smooth endoplasmic reticulum

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20
Q

Lysosomal enzymes originate as raw material in the —— but are modified, packaged, sorted and targeted bf the

A

Rough ER/golgi apparatus

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21
Q

True or false: chloroplast is involved in the endomembrane system

A

False

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22
Q

Describe the most common route for membrane flow through the endomembrane system for a protein that is to be secretes

A

Rough ER ➡️ Transport vesicle ➡️ golgi apparatus ➡️ transport vesicle ➡️ plasma

23
Q

Large numbers of ribosomes are present in cells that specialize in producing

A

Proteins

24
Q

What would diffuse directly through the phospholipid bilateral of a plasma membrane most rapidly?
CO2
Glucose
An amino acid
Starch
Sucrose
Na+ and K+

A

CO2

25
Q

How many oxygen molecules are required in the fermentation of one molecule of glucose to ethyl alcohol
And CO2?

A

0

26
Q

According to the fluid mosaic model of cell membranes, which if the following is a true statement about membrane phospholipids?

A

They can move laterally along the plane of the membrane

27
Q

A human red blood cell that is added up to a hypotonic solution will

A

Take up water and swell

28
Q

Which membrane bound molecules are thought to be most important in cell-cell recognition?

A

Glycoproteins

29
Q

Use of energy by cells to move a solute from an area of low concentration to an area of higher concentration of that solute describes what process or condition?

A

Active transport

30
Q

A series of enzymes catalyzes the series of reactions X ➡️ Y ➡️ Z ➡️ A. Product “A” bunds to the enzyme that converts X to Y at an allosteric site. This binding decreases the activity of the enzyme. In this example substance, A functions as

A

A non competitive inhibitor

31
Q

If electron micrographs consistently show mitochondria to be grouped around a certain structure in a certain kind of cell, one might logically infer that the

A

Structure requires considerable supply of energy

32
Q

A biologist grinds your some plant cells and then centrifuges the mixture. Some membrane bound organelles settled in the bottom of the centrifuge tube. These organelles were then isolated for the experimentation. During the experiments it was found that some organelles took up O2 and gave off CO2. These organelles must be

A

Mitochondria

33
Q

Fructuose is a 6 carbon sugar that does not diffuse through phospholipid bilayers of cell membranes. However, in humans the epithelial cells lining the small intestines readily move fructose from the fructose rich intestinal lumen into the intestinal epithelial cells?

A

Facilitated diffusion

34
Q

Cations cross cell membranes and enter cells ____

A

By traveling down electrochemical gradients

35
Q

True or false: assuming one beaker has glucose and does cellular respiration, and a cell contains the same quantity of glucose, the beaker combustion releases more calories if energy from glucose than does cellular respiration

A

False

36
Q

During the complete metabolism of 1 molecule of glucose by a eukaryote, about how many ATP molecules are thought to be produced by the processes called substrate level phosphorylation and oxidative phosphorylation?

A

About 32

37
Q

What is fermentation and what does it do?

A

It allows glycolysis and ATP production to continue when no oxygen is available, and it provides a mechanism to regenerate NAD+ from NADH when no oxygen is available

38
Q

True or false: the lactate femrentation process produces 2 extra ATP molecules in addition to the 2 ATPs produced by the glycolysis pathway for a net gain of 4 ATP molecules

A

False

39
Q

True or false: the end products of glycolysis pathway are CO2 and H2O

A

False

40
Q

How would you best describe the mechanism of chemiososmosis in cellular respiration?

A

It is the release of energy to make ATP by way of facilitated diffusion of H+ across membranes

41
Q

A muscle cell during oxygen deprivation converts pyruvate to _____ and in this step the call regains _____ which allows glycolysis to continue

A

Lactate/NAD+

42
Q

A fatty acid molecule is partially oxidized to form 10 molecules of acetyl CoA. Starting with these 10 acetyl CoA molecules, how many molecules of ATP will be made by substrate level phosphorylation in the citric acid cycle?

A

10

43
Q

The primary function of the mitochondrion is the production of ATP. To carry out this function, a mitochondrion must vi rain all of the following EXCEPT

-The membrane bound electron transport chain
-glycolysis enzymes
-citric acid cycle enzymes
-ATP synthase
-proton pumps embedded in an inner membrane

A

Glycolysis enzymes

44
Q

The ATP made during glycolysis is generated directly by which of the following processes

A

Substrate level phosphorylation

45
Q

The chemiosmotic mechanism which releases energy to make ATP takes place

A

When H+ crossed the inner mitochondrial membrane by facilitated diffusion

46
Q

In the chemical reaction represented in the bold type below, which molecules will be reduced and which will be oxidized when the reaction occurs?
C6H12O6 + 6O2 ➡️ 6CO2 + 6HO2

A

C6H12O6 is being oxidized, and O2 is being reduced

47
Q

Which of the following is a reasonable explanation for how unsaturated fatty acids help keep membranes more fluid during periods of lower temperature?

A

The double bonds form kinks in the fatty acids, preventing adjacent lipids from packaging tightly

48
Q

Celery stalks immersed in fresh water for several hours become stiff and hard. Conversely stalks left in a 0.15 M salt solution become limp and soft. From this we can deduce that the celery stalks are

A

Hypertonic ti fresh water but not hypotonic to the salt solution

49
Q

You eat a cheeseburger and a fresh salad with French dressing. Which of the following un your food are generally not oxidized in the aerobic cellular respiration pathway to generate ATP?

A

Cellulose

50
Q

You have a friend who went on a diet and exercise and burned off 15 pounds of fat. Where did the fat biomass go?

A

It was released from the body as CO2 and H2O

51
Q

Proteins called electrogenic pumps (proton pumps) found in the cell membranes of the plant vascular tissues

A

Generate a H+ gradient so that the sucrose can enter cells via a Sucrose H- cotransporter

52
Q

Mammalian blood contains the equivalent of a 0.15 M NaCI. Seawater contains the equivalent of 0.45 M NaCI. What will happen if red blood cells are transferred to seawater?

A

Water will leave the cells, causing them to shrivel and collapse.

53
Q

By way of the electrochemical gradient which of the following can cross cell membranes to enter cells?

A

Ca+

Biology (33 decks)

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