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13 Flashcards

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1
Q

What is meiosis? How is it different from mitosis?

A
  1. Cell division of sex organs
  2. Produces gambetes
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2
Q

Testes produce what?
Ovaries produce what?

A

Sperm, eggs

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3
Q

What are the 5 properties of mitosis that make it different from meiosis?

A
  1. Results in 2 identical daughter cell
  2. Only 2 division
  3. No crossing over
  4. Happens in somatic cells
  5. No genetic diversity other than mutations
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4
Q

What are the 5 properties of meiosis that make it different from mitosis?

A
  1. Results in 4, not 2, DIFFERENT, not identical, daughter cells
  2. 2 separate cell divisions (Meiosis 1 and Meiosis 2)
  3. Synapsis results in crossing over
  4. Independent assortment
  5. Law of segregation
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5
Q

What is synapsis? What does it result in?

A
  1. The pairing of homologous chromosomes
  2. Results in crossing over
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6
Q

When does independent assortment occur?

A

Metaphase 1

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7
Q

When does the law of segregation occur?

A

Anaphase 1 and 2

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8
Q

What are the properties of Diploid cells?

A
  1. 2 complete sets of chromosomes
  2. All cells are diploid other than sex cells
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9
Q

What does 2n mean in 2n=46?

A
  1. Diploid
  2. The number of SETS of chromosomes is 2n
  3. 46 is the number of chromosomes that it contains

Meaning, if 2n is the number of diploid, n would be the number of haploid. So, if 2n=46, n=23.

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10
Q

How many homologous pairs of chromosomes to humans have?

A

23

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11
Q

How many chromosomes do humans have in total?

A

46

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12
Q

How many chromosomes do each of our gametes have?

A

23

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13
Q

Which cells are haploid?

A

Sex cells

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14
Q

Which cells are diploid?

A

All cells except sex cells

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15
Q

what happens in meiosis 1?

A

Homologous chromosomes are separated into daughter cells

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16
Q

What are the steps of meiosis 1?

A
  1. Prophase 1
  2. Metaphase 1
  3. Anaphase 1
  4. Telophase 1
  5. Cytokinesis
17
Q

What happens in prophase 1?

A
  1. Synapsis
  2. Crossing over
18
Q

What is it called when homologous chromosomes pair up?

A

A tetrad

19
Q

What happens when a cell forms a tetrad?

A

It becomes diploid

20
Q

What happens during crossing over?

A

Parts of 1 homologous chromosome are swapped with the other chromosome (think of swapping parts on a Lego set from one set to another)

21
Q

What happens at metaphase 1? There is 1 major event

A

Homologous chromosomes line up at the metabolic plate independently. This is independent assortment

22
Q

What is independent assortment?

A

Homologous chromosomes lining up at the metabolic plate independently

23
Q

When does Independent assortment occur?

A

Metaphase 1

24
Q

What happens at anaphase 1?

A

Homologous chromosomes split and go to separate daughter cells. This is the law of segregation.

25
Q

What is the law of segregation?

A

Homologous chromosomes split and go to separate daughter cells.

26
Q

What happens at telophase 1?

A

Cytoplasm splits and two separate cells result with a COMPLETE chromosomes, each having 2 sister chromatids

27
Q

What happens at prophase 2?

A

Spindle fibers reform

28
Q

What happens at metaphase 2?

A

Chromosome line up at the metabolic plate.

29
Q

Are the chromosomes identical at metaphase 2? Why it why not?

A

No, because of Crossing Over at prophase 1

30
Q

What happens at anaphase 2?

A

The sister chromatids separate from each other. the law of segregation.

31
Q

What happens at telophase 2? What state are the cells in now?

A
  1. 4 daughter cells are created
  2. The cells are now haploid (n) because they only have 1 sister chromatid per chromosome.
32
Q

Does crossing over occur in mitosis?

A

NO!!

33
Q

What are the 3 sources of genetic variation?

A
  1. Independent assortment
  2. Crossing over
  3. Random fertilization
34
Q

What is the equation for possible number of combinations during independent assortment?

A

2^n = the number of possibilities. N would be the haploid #.

35
Q

If n = 25, how many possible combinations are there?

A

Almost 34,000,000

36
Q

What is it called when homologous chromosomes swap segments of DNA? (Remember the legos)

A

Crossing over

37
Q

What is random fertilization?

A

Any egg cell can match with any sperm cell

Biology (33 decks)

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