11

Question 1

What is cell communication?

Answer 1

1. This is how cells communicate with each other. How one cell influences the behavior of another cell.

Question 2

What is the general pathway of cell communication?

Answer 2

Signal response ➡️ signal transduction ➡️ cellular response

Question 3

What are the 3 transmembrane receptors?

Answer 3

1. G protein coupled receptors
2. Receptor tyrosine kinase
3. Ion channel receptors

Question 4

What is the name of the signal in cell communication? What do they do? What are some exceptions?

Answer 4

Ligand

Attach to receptors

Not all cells have receptor proteins, so not all ligands activate cell responses

Question 5

What are the two types of receptors?

Answer 5

1. Intracellular
2. Extra cellular

Question 6

Where are intracellular receptors found?

Answer 6

The cytoplasm and the nucleus of the cell

Question 7

Where are the extra cellular receptors found?

Answer 7

The cell membrane

Question 8

What are the 2 types of messengers? What are their functions?

Answer 8

1. Primary messenger (a ligand)
2. Secondary messenger: relays messages from proteins to target area in cell. These include cAMP, IP3, DAG, and Ca.

Question 9

What are G Protein Coupled Receptors? Are they intracellular or extra cellular?

Answer 9

1. Ligands attach to G protein receptors
2. GTP activates the G protein, which attatches to an enzyme called Adrenylyl Cyclase
3. They are extra cellular
4. The enzyme releases Cyclic AMP (cAMP)

Question 10

What does Cyclic AMP (cAMP) do?

Answer 10

Functions in the signal transduction

Directa the signal to the location that the cell needs it

Question 11

What does kinase mean?

Answer 11

Attaching a phosphate from ATP to a protein

Question 12

What is the function of a receptor tyronaise kinase (RTK)? Is it extra or intra cellular?

Answer 12

1. Attatches a phosphate from ATP to a protein
2. Two part (dimer) structure that reciprocally attaches phosphate groups to tyrosine residues
3. Creates phosphorylation cascades which amplify the cell signal many times

Question 13

What are the functions of Ion Channel receptors? Are they extra or infra cellular?

Answer 13

1. Important in the nervous system
2. Open in response to a ligand and release ions
3. Extra cellular

Question 14

What are two intracellular receptors? Why are they intracellular? What are their functions?

Answer 14

Steroids and hormones because they are lipid soluble and pass directly through the plasma membrane

Go to the nucleus and act as a transcription factor if DNA and mRNA

Usually further from a distance

Question 15

Where do extracellular ligands usually come from?

Answer 15

Local cells

Question 16

What is transduction? Why is it important?

Answer 16

1. The second step
2. Happens when a ligand is attached, and the protein changes shape.
3. Gives rise to cAMP and Ca, which amplify the signal in the cell

The most important thing is that it amplifies the signal

Question 17

What is a cellular response?

Answer 17

1. This is the 3rd step
2. Can cause a nuclear response, which turns genes on and off and the cell changes accordingly
3. Can cause a cytoplasmic response

Question 18

What is a cytoplasmic response?

Answer 18

A response that involves the ion concentrations and metabolism within a cell