5 Flashcards
What is a monomer?
How do they form?
What are the types of monomers?
-The building blocks of polymers
-they form via dehydration (condensation) reactions.
-Monosaccharides, nucleotides, amino acids
What are polymers?
How do they split back together?
What are the 4 types and their monomers?
-They are MANY monomers linked together
-They can be split back to monomers via hydrolysis (water cutting) and water is gained.
-carbohydrates (monosaccharides)
-proteins (amino acids)
-nucleic acids (nucleotides)
-Lipids (don’t have monomers, but they are made of a fatty acids tail and a triglyceride)
What is the generic formula for sugar?
CH2O
What shape are sugars often in?
A ring structure
If there is anything else to a sugar besides carbons, hydrogens, and oxygen, is it a carb?
No
What are sugars used for in plants?
Building materials (cellulose)
Storage materials (starch)
What are they used for in humans?
Storage materials (glycogen in humans)
Which contains starch and which contains glycogen?
- Starch is plants
- Glycogen is humans
How are sugars linked?
-Alpha (hydroxyl always down) or beta (hydroxyl alternates up and down
-glycosidic bonds
What are the properties of fats
- It is a glycerol molecule linked to a fatty acid
- Can be saturated or unsaturated
- Trans fats are bad for you
Difference between saturated and unsaturated
Saturated has no double bonds, but unsaturated has double bonds and forms kinks
What are phospholipids?
-a glycerol join to 2 fatty acids and a phosphate group
Is the tail in phospholipids polar or non polar? The head?
Tail is Non polar
Head is polar
What is the function of phospholipids?
They make up cell membranes
What are steroids?
Lipids that transcribe DNA 🧬
Which macromolecule is the most diverse?
Protein
What are some of the different types of protein? Name 8
- Enzymatic proteins
- Storage proteins
- Hormonal proteins
- Contractile and motor proteins
- Defensive proteins
- Transport proteins
- Receptor proteins
- Structural proteins
What is the primary structural layer of proteins?
The amino acid sequence
What is the secondary structural layer of proteins?
Hydrogen bonds make it cool up into either alpha helix or beta pleated sheet
What is the tertiary structural layer of proteins?
The folding of the protein. This is formed with covalent bonds called disulfide bridges (the SH sulfhydryl group)
What is the quarternary structure of a protein?
Many folded proteins interacting with each other
How does a protein denature?
Hydrogen bonds break due to high temperature or acidity. This causes the protein to lose its shape
What are DNA and RNA composed of?
-1 nitrogenous base (A,T,C, or G)
-1 deoxyribose sugar (in DNA there is one less oxygen than in RNA, thus DEOXY)
-and 1 phosphate group
What is the difference between purines and pyrimidines (think nitrogenous bases, cuz that is what it is referring to)
-Adenine and guanine are purines and have 2 rings
-Cytosine, Uracil and Thymine are pyrimidines and have 1 ring
