12

Question 1

What are somatic cells?

Answer 1

All other cells than sex cells

Question 2

Where does mitosis happen?

Answer 2

Somatic cells

Question 3

What is a cell’s genome?

Answer 3

All of the generic information packaged as DNA

Question 4

What are chromatin?

Answer 4

Uncondensed chromosomes

Question 5

What do chromosomes contain?

Answer 5

DNA and proteins

Question 6

What do prokaryotes contain concerning chromosomes? (Include the type and quantity)

Answer 6

1 circular chromosome

Question 7

What do eukaryotes have concerning chromosomes? (Include estimated quantity and type)

Answer 7

They have Multiple linear chromosomes

Question 8

What are the 4 parts of a chromosome?

Answer 8

1. Centromere
2. Kinetochore
3. Sister chromatids
4. Telomeres

Question 9

What is the centromere?

Answer 9

The part where the sister chromatically are attached most closely

(think of the X shape; this is where the X crosses)

Question 10

What is the kinetochore?

Answer 10

This is where the spindle fibers attach to the chromosome to split them

Question 11

What are sister chromatids?

Answer 11

Duplicated chromosomes consist of 2 sister chromatids which are identical to each other

Question 12

What are telomeres?

Do they get shorter or longer after each duplication?

Answer 12

The ends of the chromosome

They are repeated DNA segments

They get shorter after each duplication

Question 13

Even though we are done growing, why do cells continue to divide?

Answer 13

Reparative purposes

Question 14

What are the 2 phases of mitosis?

Answer 14

1. Interphase
2. Mitotic phase

Question 15

Is cytokinesis part of the mitotic phase? When does it take place in animals?

Answer 15

1. No
2. Happens Directly after the mitotic phase in animals

Question 16

What is the first step of mitosis?

Answer 16

Interphase

Question 17

What phase are cells usually in?

Answer 17

Interphase

Question 18

What steps occur in interphase? (Hint: think letters)

Answer 18

G1, S, G2

Question 19

How many checkpoints are in interphase? What are they?

Answer 19

3

G1, G2, and M

Question 20

What is the purpose of checkpoints?

Answer 20

They act as stop signals; if something is wrong, they prevent the cell from continuing. They are like checkpoints on a machine or computer 🖥

Question 21

What are the basic components of G1?

Answer 21

1. The cell is growing
2. The cell must replicate its DNA and divide

Question 22

What happens if the cell does not pass G1?

Answer 22

It goes into G0 and never divides in its life (rest state)

Question 23

What happens in S Phase? What is the purpose?

Answer 23

1. DNA synthesis (replication)

This is so that the cell can divide and clone itself

Question 24

What happens during G2?

Answer 24

1. The cell continues to grow
2. Prepares for mitosis
3. Insures that the DNA is replicated

Question 25

What is the metaphase checkpoint?

Answer 25

1. Occurs after G2 checkpoint 2. Checks for Chromosome spindle attachment

Question 26

What are the 4 phases of the mitotic phase?

Answer 26

1. Prophase 2. Metaphase 3. Anaphase 4. Telophase

Question 27

What 3 steps happen during prophase?

Answer 27

1. Chromosomes condense (individual chromosomes are now visible and are no longer a blob) 2. Mitotic spindles form 3. Nuclear envelope disappears, also nucleoli

Question 28

When do mitotic spindles form?

Answer 28

Prophase

Question 29

When does the nuclear envelope and nucleoli disappear?

Answer 29

Prophase

Question 30

What 3 steps occur during metaphase?

Answer 30

1. Kinetochore microtubules attach to Kinetochore as and pull chromosomes to middle of cell 2. Non-Kinetochore microtubules don’t connect anything, but elongate the cell 3. M phase checkpoint (metaphase) checks to make sure all chromosomes are attached before anaphase begins

Question 31

What are the 3 steps of anaphase?

Answer 31

1. Sister chromatids separate 2. Sister chromatids, now separate, become daughter chromosomes 3. Daughter cells migrate to opposite ends of the cell

Question 32

What are the 3 steps of telophase?

Answer 32

1. Two separate nuclei form and cell structures begin to form 2. Microtubules disappear 3. Mitosis complete!

Question 33

What happens during cytokinesis?

Answer 33

Cell cleavage punches the cell to fork 2. This divides the cytoplasm.

Question 34

Is cytokinesis part of the mitotic phase?

Answer 34

NO!!

Question 35

When can the cell enter mitosis?

Answer 35

Only when cyclin is present

Question 36

What is cyclin?

Answer 36

A family of proteins that control progression of a cell through the cell cycle

Question 37

What controls the cell cycle?

Answer 37

Protein kinase (also known as Cyclin-Dependent Kinase (CDK)).

Question 38

What allows the cell to pass the G2 phase and progress to the M phase?

Answer 38

The binding of CDK with cyclin (cyclin must be present). This is known as the M Phase promoting factor (MPF)

Question 39

What is the M Phase promoting factor? (MPF)

Answer 39

The binding of CDK with cyclin

Question 40

What is the purpose of MPF? How does it work?

Answer 40

1. Phosphorylates other proteins to initiate the process 2. Triggers the breakdown of cyclin, which inhibits another division until DNA replication occurs again