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Biology > 12 > Flashcards

12 Flashcards

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1
Q

What are somatic cells?

A

All other cells than sex cells

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2
Q

Where does mitosis happen?

A

Somatic cells

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3
Q

What is a cell’s genome?

A

All of the generic information packaged as DNA

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4
Q

What are chromatin?

A

Uncondensed chromosomes

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5
Q

What do chromosomes contain?

A

DNA and proteins

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6
Q

What do prokaryotes contain concerning chromosomes? (Include the type and quantity)

A

1 circular chromosome

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7
Q

What do eukaryotes have concerning chromosomes? (Include estimated quantity and type)

A

They have Multiple linear chromosomes

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8
Q

What are the 4 parts of a chromosome?

A
  1. Centromere
  2. Kinetochore
  3. Sister chromatids
  4. Telomeres
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9
Q

What is the centromere?

A

The part where the sister chromatically are attached most closely

(think of the X shape; this is where the X crosses)

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10
Q

What is the kinetochore?

A

This is where the spindle fibers attach to the chromosome to split them

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11
Q

What are sister chromatids?

A

Duplicated chromosomes consist of 2 sister chromatids which are identical to each other

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12
Q

What are telomeres?

Do they get shorter or longer after each duplication?

A

The ends of the chromosome

They are repeated DNA segments

They get shorter after each duplication

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13
Q

Even though we are done growing, why do cells continue to divide?

A

Reparative purposes

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14
Q

What are the 2 phases of mitosis?

A
  1. Interphase
  2. Mitotic phase
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15
Q

Is cytokinesis part of the mitotic phase? When does it take place in animals?

A
  1. No
  2. Happens Directly after the mitotic phase in animals
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16
Q

What is the first step of mitosis?

A

Interphase

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17
Q

What phase are cells usually in?

A

Interphase

18
Q

What steps occur in interphase? (Hint: think letters)

A

G1, S, G2

19
Q

How many checkpoints are in interphase? What are they?

A

3

G1, G2, and M

20
Q

What is the purpose of checkpoints?

A

They act as stop signals; if something is wrong, they prevent the cell from continuing. They are like checkpoints on a machine or computer 🖥

21
Q

What are the basic components of G1?

A
  1. The cell is growing
  2. The cell must replicate its DNA and divide
22
Q

What happens if the cell does not pass G1?

A

It goes into G0 and never divides in its life (rest state)

23
Q

What happens in S Phase? What is the purpose?

A
  1. DNA synthesis (replication)

This is so that the cell can divide and clone itself

24
Q

What happens during G2?

A
  1. The cell continues to grow
  2. Prepares for mitosis
  3. Insures that the DNA is replicated
25
Q

What is the metaphase checkpoint?

A
  1. Occurs after G2 checkpoint
  2. Checks for Chromosome spindle attachment
26
Q

What are the 4 phases of the mitotic phase?

A
  1. Prophase
  2. Metaphase
  3. Anaphase
  4. Telophase
27
Q

What 3 steps happen during prophase?

A
  1. Chromosomes condense (individual chromosomes are now visible and are no longer a blob)
  2. Mitotic spindles form
  3. Nuclear envelope disappears, also nucleoli
28
Q

When do mitotic spindles form?

A

Prophase

29
Q

When does the nuclear envelope and nucleoli disappear?

A

Prophase

30
Q

What 3 steps occur during metaphase?

A
  1. Kinetochore microtubules attach to Kinetochore as and pull chromosomes to middle of cell
  2. Non-Kinetochore microtubules don’t connect anything, but elongate the cell
  3. M phase checkpoint (metaphase) checks to make sure all chromosomes are attached before anaphase begins
31
Q

What are the 3 steps of anaphase?

A
  1. Sister chromatids separate
  2. Sister chromatids, now separate, become daughter chromosomes
  3. Daughter cells migrate to opposite ends of the cell
32
Q

What are the 3 steps of telophase?

A
  1. Two separate nuclei form and cell structures begin to form
  2. Microtubules disappear
  3. Mitosis complete!
33
Q

What happens during cytokinesis?

A

Cell cleavage punches the cell to fork 2. This divides the cytoplasm.

34
Q

Is cytokinesis part of the mitotic phase?

A

NO!!

35
Q

When can the cell enter mitosis?

A

Only when cyclin is present

36
Q

What is cyclin?

A

A family of proteins that control progression of a cell through the cell cycle

37
Q

What controls the cell cycle?

A

Protein kinase (also known as Cyclin-Dependent Kinase (CDK)).

38
Q

What allows the cell to pass the G2 phase and progress to the M phase?

A

The binding of CDK with cyclin (cyclin must be present).

This is known as the M Phase promoting factor (MPF)

39
Q

What is the M Phase promoting factor? (MPF)

A

The binding of CDK with cyclin

40
Q

What is the purpose of MPF? How does it work?

A
  1. Phosphorylates other proteins to initiate the process
  2. Triggers the breakdown of cyclin, which inhibits another division until DNA replication occurs again

Biology (33 decks)

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