Test 2 Flashcards
0
Q
What are seasonal winds which bring rain?
A
Monsoons
1
Q
What is a large landmass that is part of a continent?
A
Subcontinent
2
Q
During the 1920’s, archaeologists discovered what two cities?
A
Harappa and Mohenjo Daro
3
Q
What is a fortress built in some cities?
A
Citadel
4
Q
Where do you find citadels?
A
Indus Valley civilization
5
Q
What country gets monsoons?
A
India
6
Q
When did Aryan invasion begin?
A
The Vedic period
7
Q
What is the origin of the word aryan?
A
Sanskrit
8
Q
What does aryan mean?
A
Noble
9
Q
What is a war leader who was responsible for protecting villages?
A
Raja
10
Q
When were rajas used?
A
Vedic India
11
Q
How many classes was the Vedic society divided into?
A
Four
12
Q
What were the classes called?
A
Varnas
13
Q
What were the Varnas divided into?
A
Castes
14
Q
What is the group that exists outside of social classes?
A
Untouchables
15
Q
What do the untouchables do?
A
The jobs no one else will
16
Q
What is an atman?
A
A soul
17
Q
Two things about the atman
A
Every individual has one
It cannot be destroyed
18
Q
The passing of the inner self from body to body
A
Reincarnation
19
Q
What is reincarnation in Hindi?
A
Samsara
20
Q
The Hindu ethical law of cause and effect
A
Karma
21
Q
What can karma effect?
A
Things in this life, and the nature of the next
22
Q
The ultimate goal of human existence
A
Maksha
23
Q
What is maksha?
A
The perfect understanding which liberates one from reincarnation to be joined with the One
24
What is a set of duties and obligations for each social class called?
Dharma
25
Who was Buddhism founded by?
Siddhartha Gautama
26
What was Gautama's other name?
Buddha
27
What does Buddha mean?
Enlightened One
28
What are the four noble truths?
1. Suffering is an inescapable part of human life.
2. Suffering comes from desires for pleasure and material things.
3. Overcoming desire brings suffering to an end.
4. Desire can be overcome by following the eight fold path.
29
What is the goal of Buddhism?
Nirvana
30
What is nirvana?
The state of perfect peace in which one is freed form pain and selfishness
31
Who unified India?
Chandragupta Maur
32
When did Maur do it?
Mauryan empire
33
What was his policy?
Government is the science of punishment
34
Which emperor embraced Buddhism?
Ashoka
35
What did he do?
Sent missionaries across the Himalayas into SE Asia
36
What are the two main rivers of China?
Yangzi/Chang Jiang
| Yellow/huang he
37
What do the floods from the yellow river bring?
Fine dusty Yellow soil called loess
38
Religion under the Shang dynasty centered on what?
Ancestral worship
39
Where did the Shang seek advice for the future?
Oracle bones
40
What is another modern day use of oracle bones?
Earliest example of Chinese writing
41
Rulers of the Zhou dynasty taught that they ruled by what?
The Mandate of Heaven
42
Who taught to love and respect by practicing traditional manners and rituals such as honoring ancestors?
Confucius
43
Where were his thoughts collected?
The analects
44
What philosophy focused on finding the way by balancing nature to find perfect harmony?
Dao
45
Where were many dao teachings from?
Laozi
46
What did he write?
Dao de Jing
47
Which dynasty came to power in 221 BC?
Qin
48
Who was the ruler of this empire?
Shi Huangdi
49
What does his name mean?
First emperor
50
What philosophy taught that a powerful and efficient government was key to order and control?
Legalism
51
Why was the Great Wall of China built?
To strengthen defenses on the north border of China
52
Who was the greatest ruler of the Han dynasty?
Wudi
53
What did the Han government create?
Civil service system
54
What was it used for?
To determine who qualified for positions in government
55
What became the official government philosophy in the Han dynasty?
Confucianism
56
What is obedience and devotion to parents and grandparents?
Filial piety
57
What were the famous overland routes used by merchants between China and Central Asia?
Silk roads
58
What is a triangular deposit of silt at the mouth of a river?
Delta
59
What did the Egyptians call their country?
The black land
60
What is a rocky stretch in a river marked by swift currents and rapids?
Cataract
61
Who united Egypt?
Menes
62
Where was he from?
The upper kingdom
63
What does pharaoh mean?
Great house
64
What is a state ruled by religious figures?
Theocracy
65
What is a highly structured organization managed by officials?
Bureaucracy
66
When did the Middle Kingdom end?
The invasion of the Hyksos
67
Who was Hatshepsut?
The only woman pharaoh
68
What did she do?
Encourage foreign trade
69
What name did amenhotep IV take and what does it mean?q
Akhenaten
| Worship of aten
70
What did Akhenaten do?
Convert Egypt from polytheism to worshipping Aton only
71
Who was the last great pharaoh?
Ramses II
72
What did he do?
Led war against the Hittites
| began massive building program
73
When did the new kingdom begin to decline?
The invasion of the sea peoples
74
Who was Amon-Re?
The king of the gods
| The father of pharaoh
75
Who was Anubis?
The protector of the dead
| Head of a jackal
76
Who was Osiris?
Brought civilization to Egypt
| Murdered, but later became judge of the dead after being revived by wife
77
Who was Isis?
Osiris's wife
The goddess of nature
The protector of women
78
Who was the son of Osiris and Isis and what did he do?
Horus
First king of Egypt
Falcon head
79
What is a tall thin pillar with pyramid shaped tops?
Obelisk
80
What is the spirit of the person which escapes at death?
Ka
81
What was the main Egyptian writing system?
Hieroglyphics
82
What does hieroglyphics mean?
Sacred carving
83
What is papyrus?
A reedy plant that grew along the Nile used as a writing surface
84
What led to deciphering hieroglyphics and demotic characters?
Champollion's discovery of the Rosetta Stone
85
What did the Egyptians develop to build the pyramids and survey land?
Math
86
What were Egyptians the masters of, and what did they do with it?
Anatomy
| Set bones, treat wounds, remove tumors
87
What was the region of Nubia?
South of the first Nile cataract
| Gold, granite, and gems
88
What state developed around Kerma?
Kush
89
Who led the kushites to invade Egypt?
Piankhi in 750 BC
90
Where did Kushite civilization center?
Meröe, near two rivers
91
Who defeated Kush, resulting in disappearance from history?
Assyria
92
Who is the goddess of lower Egypt?
Cobra
93
Who is the goddess of upper Egypt?
Vulture
94
Describe united crown.
Red and whire
95
In which age were the pyramids begun?
Old
96
Who headed the government?
Pharaoh
97
What are the characteristics of a pharaoh?
```
Absolute power
Judge
Leader of army
Believed to be a god
Responsible for prosperity of land
```
98
What was a vizier?
The most powerful official
99
When did the old kingdom end?q
Powerful nobles asserted authority
| First illness
100
What began during Middle Kingdom?
Fortresses around the Nile
101
Who did Egypt trade with in the Middle Kingdom?
Nubia, Phoenicia, minoa, and others
102
What was it called when the Hyksos invaded?
Second illness
103
What did pharaohs build in the new kingdom?
Army
104
What is Egypt often called?
The gift of the Nile
105
Where is the upper strip?
The south from the first cataract to the delta
106
Lower Egypt is where?
North triangular marshland
107
Significance of the Nile?
```
Transportation
Water for irrigation
Annual floods with fertile soil
Plan floods
Object of worship
```
108
How can you picture Egyptian society?
A phramid
109
Name the social classes in order.
```
Pharaoh -divine
Nobility - officials, generals, priests
Small artisan class - could move up
Peasants - worked fields
Slaves - new kingdom only
```
110
Religion of Egypt?
Follow ma'at
111
What is ma'at?
Justice, right, truth, order
112
What happens at death?
Osiris judges you using the feather test
113
What could priests do?
Manipulate gods through chants and charms
114
What happened to religion after Akhenaten died?
Under son, Tutankhamen, they returned to polytheism.
115
Where is India located?
A subcontinent of Asia
116
What are India's northern borders?
Himalayas and Hindu Kush
117
What are the north plains irrigated by?
Indus and Ganges river
118
What is in the interior of India?
Deccan plateau
119
Where is India's population?
Coasts
120
What is soil like on the coasts?
Fertile and thin
121
What is the weather like October through may?
Dry winds from north east
122
What is weather like in June through September?
Moist winds from SE
123
What was early Indian civilization like?
Well planned cities along Indus River (2500)
124
What were most Indian people's trade?
Farmers, some artisans
125
What happened to Indus Valley civilization in 1500 BC?
Invaded by aryans
126
What is Hinduism close to?
Indus Valley and aryan nature religions
127
What are the scriptures?
Vedas - 4 collections of hymns
Upanishads - essays and meditations explaining Vedas
Other
128
What are two beliefs?
All is one
| Nothing ever dies
129
What is it called when one is absorbed into the spirit?
Brahman
130
How many gods does Hinduism have?
Infinite
131
What are the primary Hindu deities?
Brahma - creator
Vishnu - preserver
Shiva - destroyer
132
What do individuals from different groups do?
Avoid contact
133
How can the castes be represented?
A human body
134
Name the five castes.
Brahmin - head - almost there - priests
Kshatriya - shoulder - soldier, government
Vaishya - stomach - meet needs, feed, clothe - merchants
Sudras - leg or foot - worker, peasant
Untouchables - sole of foot
135
What did Buddha do?
Sought an answer to pain and suffering
| Found enlightenment under a banyan tree
136
What is the invasion of Persian and Greek armies in 512 and 326 BC?
Impetus
137
How is Ashoka related to chandragupta?
Ashoka is c's grandfather
138
What is china isolated by?
Pacific Ocean
Gobi desert and plateau of Tibet - west
Himalayas -sw
Mongolian tribes - north
139
What is central in Chinese culture?
Family
140
What is filial piety?
High duty of respect to obey elders
141
What did ancestors have to do with religion?
Steam from ritual meals nourished ancestors
| Ancestors guidance sought through oracle bones
142
What authority does ruler have?
That of a grandfather
143
What happened in the period of power and prosperity?
Peace
Glory
Roads, irrigiation
144
What happens in the decline?
High taxes
Social services decline
Natural disasters
Loses mandate of heaven
145
What is the dynastic cycle?
Great power and prosperity
Decline
Rebellion
Repeat
146
What was the culture in the Shang dynasty?
Warrior nobles owned land
Peasants worked land
Small artisan class
147
What was the Chinese written language based on?
Ideas, not phonemes
148
Two facts about Chinese language?
Too difficult for most to master
| Unified dialects
149
Which dynasty did Confucius come from?
Zhou
150
What was Confucius's philosophy?
Good life is one of social harmony
151
What was Confucius based on?q
Filial piety
152
How many relationships in filial piety?
5 reciprocal relationships
153
Where were Confucius's proverbs collected?
5 classics
154
What is the belief of legalism?
Strong government key to good life
155
What happened to books under legalism?
Everything, especially Confucius, burned, except agriculture
156
Who headed the Qin dynasty?
Shih huangdi
157
What happened under the Qin dynasty?
Consolidation of power, doubling of china
158
What else did shih huangdi do?
Routed rival armies
Built Great Wall
Crushed opposition
Made nobility move to capital
159
How long did shih huangdi's son reign?
3 years, then deposed
160
What did the Han dynasty encourage?
Literature and trade
161
What happened when dynasty declined?
Buddhism spread
162
Chinese dynasties in order?
Shang
Zhou
Qin
Han
163
What did the kushites use wood from Nubia for?
Smelt iron ore
164
What did Wudi do?
Silk Road
| Confucianism
165
Who defeated first Indian civilization?
Aryans
166
What is special about Harappa and Mohenjo Daro?
Grid system
