Final Flashcards
Holy food chain
God Creator, sustainer, redeemer Others humans others Image of God, sinners Creation Reflects God's glory, tainted by sin
3 reasons we study history
Enable us to make better decisions
Grow in faith
Discover who we are
A network of people who interact with each other
Society
The period of time before written records
Prehistory
Relics or objects such as pieces of bone or stone that humans have made into tools or weapons
Artifacts
A scientist who studies fossils
Paleontologist
A scholar who studies written records
Historian
A scholar who studies written and oral languages
Linguist
A scholar who studies relics of ancient civilizations
Archaeologist
A scholar who studies the science of man
Anthropologist
People who move often in search of food
Nomads
The belief that all things in nature have spirits
Animism
The spread if ideas, beliefs, customs, and technology from one society to another
Cultural diffusion
What does God say is not good?
For man to be alone
Where does God say it is not good for man to be alone?
Genesis chapter 2
A society’s habitual ways of thinking and acting, including things such as art, music, ways of making a living, religious belief, etc.
Culture
People lived nomadic lives, hunting and gathering their food in the _______ period?
Paleolithic
People lived in houses of mud or stone and began to farm for food in the ________ period
Neolithic
Ancient Egyptian civilization began where?
Nile river valley
A triangular region at the mouth of a river
Delta
Churning rapid or whitewater
Cataract
Egyptian form of writing
Hieroglyphics
Egyptian concept that includes good life, including justice, right, truth, and order
Ma’at
The ruler who united upper and lower Egypt
Menes
The Egyptian queen who encouraged foreign trade
Hatshepsut
The last great pharaoh and greatest builder of the new kingdom
Ramses II the Great
The Kushite ruler who conquered Egypt
Piankhi
Ancient Indian civilization began where?
Indus River valley
Seasonal winds bringing rain to the Indian subcontinent
Monsoons
Who invaded and ended the earliest Indian civilization?
Aryans
Social groups in Indian society
Varnas
Set of duties or obligations for each social group
Dharma
The passing of the inner self from body to body
Reincarnation
The Hindu ethical law of cause and effect
Karma
The perfect understanding which releases one from a series of endless rebirths
Moksha
The powerful ruler who unified India
“Government is the science of punishment”
Chandragupta
Buddha or enlightened one
Siddhartha Gautama
Goal of Buddhism which is the release from pain and selfishness
Nirvana
The Indian ruler who embraced Buddhism and vowed to live peacefully, sent out Buddhist missionaries
Ashoka
Ancient Chinese civilization began where?
Yellow and yangzi river valleys
Central value / authority in Chinese society
Family
The Chinese ideal of respect for parents and elders
Filial piety
Used to foretell the future by Chinese priests
Oracle bones
Unique feature of Chinese writing
Based in ideas, not sounds
Taught that one must express love and respect by practicing traditional manners and rituals
Confucius
Believed the good life was following the dao by balancing opposing tendencies in nature
Laozi
A group of Chinese philosophers who believed a strong, efficient government was the key to the good life
Legalsits
The idea that a dynasty ruled only as long as it had divine approval
Mandate of Heaven
Ruled through fear during the Qin dynasty
Constructed Great Wall
Shi huangdi
Ruler who made Confucianism official belief of the Chinese government
Opened great Silk Road
Wudi
4 noble truths of Buddhism
Suffering is an inescapable part of human life.
Suffering is caused by unfulfilled desire for material goods.
Overcoming desire ends suffering.
Desire can be overcome by following the eight fold path.
The area between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers
Mesopotamia
What did the Sumerians build because their land lacked natural defenses?
Walled cities
What were most Sumerians religiously?
Polytheists
Sumerian rulers were often either . . .
Warriors or priests
Sumerian temples
Ziggurats
Wedge shaped writing developed in Sumer
Cuneiform
Developed one of the world’s first uniform law codes
Hammurabi
3 Hebrew patriarchs
Abraham
Isaac
Jacob
3 elements of the covenant with the patriarchs
Land
Children
Generalized blessing
Pivotal event in Hebrew history
Crossing of the Red Sea
Tribal leaders in Israel during the time between the conquest and the United Kingdom
Judges
Last of tribal leaders
Anointed first two kings of United Kingdom
Samuel
Known as both a military leader and a singer
Man after God’s own heart
David
After the split, the kingdoms were known as
Israel in the north
Judah in the south
Who ruled the northern kingdom and what did he do?
Jeroboam
Set up golden calves at Dan and Bethel
Who had a wonderful library at Nineveh?
Assyria
Seafaring traders who first developed an alphabet
Phoenicians
Brutal conquerors who defeated and destroyed Israel
Assyria
Astrologers who captured Jerusalem and took Judah into captivity
Babylon
Defeated the Babylonians
Developed a standardized coinage
Persians
Tolerated different races and religions in the Persian empire.
Allowed the Jews to return to the promised land
King Cyrus
Why were greek citystates isolated?
Mountainous terrain
Greek term for city state
Polis
The most important city in early Aegean civilization
Mycenae
City defeated by a huge hollow horse
Troy
Wrote the Iliad and the odyssey
Homer
A formation of foot soldiers forming a solid wall, several men deep
Phalanx
Fortified hilltop of a Greek city state temples were built
Acropolis
The Greek word for striving for excellence, virtue
The heroic ideal
Arête
Messenian peasants/slaves forced to work the land around Sparta
Helots
Greek term for foot soldier
Hoplites
Militaristic state in which unhealthy babies were left outside to die
Sparta
The Athenian reformer who cancelled farmer’s debts and allowed all male citizens a voice in government
Solon
Greeks won this battle against Persia despite being outnumbered
Pheidippides ran to warn Athens
Marathon
Athens defeated Persians at this sea battle
Salamis
300 Spartans died in the narrow mountain pass of _____ which allowed other Greeks to escape
Thermopylae
The Athenian leader who created salaried positions in government, strengthened the navy and beautified Athens after it had been burned by the Persians.
Pericles
The philosopher who questioned everything
Executed at age 70 as a corrupter of youth
Socrates
The idealist philosopher who wrote the Republic, believed the ideal leader was the philosopher-king.
Plato
The king of Macedon who was assassinated at a marriage feast
Father of Alexander the Great
Phillip II
The realist philosopher who taught young Alexander.
Developed a system of logic based on syllogism.
Aristotle
Calculated the value of pi
Discovered principles behind the use of levers
Archimedes
This city was the cultural center of Hellenism founded by Alexander.
Alexandria
How far did Alexander’s army go?
India
What was one of Alexander’s enduring legacies?
The spread of the Greek language
What is Italy shaped like?
Boot
What was the basic unit of Roman social organization?
Family
The virtue of discipline, strength, and loyalty which the Romans practiced
Gravitas
Roman upper class represented by the Senate
Patricians
Roman lower class who gained power by refusing to fight
Plebeians
The office that represented the lower classes in the Senate
Tribune
Two officials which directed the roman government and army
Consuls
The laws of Rome were written were?
Twelve tables in the Forum
Who were the Punic wars fought against?
Carthage
What was the Punic war fought over?
The island of Sicily
How did Rome win the first Punic war?
Added a gangplank to their ship
Who was the Carthagean general who crossed the Alps to attack Rome and plundered and pillaged Italy for 13 years?
Hannibal
The African who defeated Carthage at the battle of Zama to end the second Punic war
Scipio
List 3 results of the Punic wars
Many small farmers lost their land
Slaves worked the land instead of the farmers
Wealthy became corrupt and lazy
Roman welfare system
Dole
What is a Pyrrhic victory?
A victory that came at too great a cost.
The tribune who proposed limiting the size of large estates and giving land to the poor
Clubbed to death on senate floor
Tiberius gracchus
Wrote Commentary on the Gallic wars
Julius Caesar
Julius Caesar crossed what river with his army to Rome to become dictator?
Rubicon
a member of the Second Triumvirate who accepted the title of “the Exalted One”
Octavian to Augustus Caesar
Who wrote the Aeneid and why?
Virgil
To exalt roman virtue and the reign of Augustus
What was the period of time from 27 BC to AD 180 when the Roman Empire led the world during a time of peace and prosperity?
Pax Romana
How did the good emperors solve the problem of succession?
Adopting their successors
Who was the founder of Stoicism?
Zeno
Became a philosophy of eat drink, and be merry
Epicurianism
The bowl shaped area in which the Sumerian culture flourished
Fertile Crescent
Emperor who wrote meditations
The last of the good emperors
Marcus Aurelius
The leader of the Huns who led an invasion which forced the Germanic tribes to flee into roman lands
Attila
Fixed wages and prices to gear inflation in the Roman Empire
Divided the empire into two halves
Diocletian
Founded new Rome as a new capital in the eastern half of the empire
Constantine
Primary language of Rome
Latin
3 characteristics of roman law
A person is innocent until proven guilty
A person’s guilt is determined by examining evidence
A person accused has the right to face his accuser and defend himself
Four reasons Rome fell
Moral - pleasure over duty
Invasion of Germanic tribes
Military - relied on mercenaries
High taxes and inflation
What is the center of Jesus’s mission from 1 Corinthians 15?
Death, burial, resurrection
Four false charges against the church
Cannibals
Un patriotic
Atheists
Immoral
Three effects of persecution on the early church
Spread of gospel
Strengthening of faith
Witness to the world
Arose during the silent years as a center of prayer, worship, and Torah study.
Synagogue
Syrian leader who sacrificed a pig on the altar in front of the temple
Antiochus epiphanes
Led the Jewish rebellion against Syrian rule.
Cleansed the temple and offered sacrifices
Judas maccabeus
People who sacrifice their lives for the sake of a cause or belief
Martyrs
Preached the first gospel sermon on Pentecost
Baptized the first gentile believer
Peter
First Christian martyr
Death led many Christians to flee Jerusalem
Stephen
Established churches over much of the Roman Empire and wrote much of the New Testament
Paul
Began an early persecution of the church after Rome burned
Lit his garden by burning Christians
Nero
______The roman emperor who responded to a letter from ______ saying _______
Trajan
Pliny
Christians should not be pursued
If arrested and refuse to offer incense, they should be executed
Bishop of Smyrna who was burned to death after refusing to deny Jesus
Polycarp
People who believed that there was a secret hidden knowledge available only to the wisest Christians
Gnostics
The teaching of the second century church that Christians should only meet with bishops who had studied with one of the twelve disciples of Jesus or someone who had studied with them
Apostolic succession
Assembled a bible showing two gods, a judgmental god of wrath and a lowing father god
Marcion
Short memorized statement of the essentials of the Christian faith
Creed
A list of approved books
Canon
The emperor who legalized Christianity
Called and chaired the council of Nicaea
Constantine
What battle gave Constantine control of hue he Roman Empire
Milvian bridge
What did Constantine see in the sky?
Labarum
The document that legalized Christianity in the Roman Empire
Edict of Milan
Taught that Jesus was a created being, not equal to God the father
Arius
Studied classical literature in Rome, then hebrew in the desert
Jerome
Jerome’s translation of the Bible into Latin
Vulgate
Left Manichaeism to become the bishop of hippo
Greatest Christian writer and theologian of his era
Augustine
Augustine’s autobiography
Confessions
The city of God was written in response to?
The sack of Rome by the vandals
What did Augustine believe about evil?
A corruption of good which is possible because God created humans with free will
What is predestination?
The doctrine that humans are totally depraved and no longer capable of responding to God
God chooses who is to be saved out of his mercy and grace.
What did African societies base their cultures on?
Clans
What is a clan?
Family with common ancestors
Storytellers who passed on oral tradition to keep history alive, highly respected
Griots
Group of related languages spoken by early African peoples
Bantu
Where did Christianity become the official religion?
Aksum
A language blended from a Bantu language and arab words
Blended African Arab culture that developed on east Africa’s coast
Swahili
Southeastern African kingdom that took its name from the stone houses of its inhabitants including a structure called the great enclosure
Great Zimbabwe
Trade of these things created wealth for Ghana and other west African countries
Salt and gold
The famous ruler who led the Mali empire at its height
Mansa musa
Mansa musa built schools where? What happened to this city?
Timbuktu
West Africa’s center of education, religion, and culture
