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World History > Renaissance, Reformation, Exploration > Flashcards

Renaissance, Reformation, Exploration Flashcards

0
Q

Why did the Greek scholars flee, and what was the effect?

A

fled from the Ottomans

brought ancient authors into Italy

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1
Q

The time period from about 1300 to 1600 is called what, which is a French word for rebirth

A

Renaissance

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2
Q

What did the scholars fleeing from the Ottomans do?

A

started humanism

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3
Q

What is humanism?

A

a movement that emphasized rhetoric, grammar, poetry, history, Latin, and Greek

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4
Q

What did Francesco Petrarch do?

A

wrote poetry - sonnets - in the vernacular
gathered ancient Latin and Greek manuscripts
climbed Mount Ventoux for fun

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5
Q

What does secular mean?

A

time-bound

a focus on this world rather than a spiritual world

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6
Q

Who wrote the Courtier, and what was it about?

A

Baldassare Castiglone

the behavior of a perfect gentleman or gentlewoman

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7
Q

What did Niccolo Machiavelli do?

A

wrote the Prince to explain what rulers must do to retain power

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8
Q

What did Nicholas Copernicus suggest and when was this known?

A

the sun set at the center of the universe

in a book after his death

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9
Q

What happened to Galileo Galilei and why?

A

he was placed under house arrest for writing that the earth orbited the sun

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10
Q

Who controlled the politics of Florence through support of the arts and public works?

A

the Medici family

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11
Q

Three changes in artistic styles and techniques during this time period

A

perspective
subject matter
reverence of Greek and Roman architecture

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12
Q

Who was a great example of a renaissance man and why?

A

Leonardo da Vinci

was a painter, writer, inventor, architect, engineer, mathematician, musician, and philosopher

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13
Q

Who was the greatest sculptor of the time and what was he known for?

A

Michelangelo Buonarroti

painted the Sistine Chapel with The Last Judgment

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14
Q

Who was one of the greatest portrait artists of his time, and what were his two most famous works?

A

Raphael
The School of Athens
the walls of the pope’s private library

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15
Q

Who is traditionally given credit for the invention of the printing press sometime in the mid 1400s?

A

Johannes Gutenberg

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16
Q

4 consequences of the invention of the printing press

A

codified texts
spread new ideas quickly
put the Bible into the hands of commoners
encouraged independent interpretations

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17
Q

Who was a Christian humanist that wrote In Praise of Folly to criticize rituals and politics of the church in addition to printing the Greek New Testament first?

A

Desiderius Erasmus

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18
Q

Thomas More

A

English
wrote Utopia
executed by Henry VIII for opposing the Act of Supremacy

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19
Q

the greatest English playwright of all time

A

William Shakespeare

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20
Q

the Italian-born author of The City of Women

A

Christine de Pisan

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21
Q

German artist most famous for his woodcuts that also did oil paintings was

A

Albrecht Durer

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22
Q

Flemish painter whose paintings of landscapes and domestic life often contained religious symbolism

A

Jan van Eyck

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23
Q

2 concrete examples of how Renaissance art and literature demonstrated interest in the individual

A

Giotto di Bondone gave people in his frescoes unique expressions

Michelangelo put himself in his sculpture

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24
3 foremost values of the Renaissance how it differed from the Middle Ages
celebration of the individual love of classical learning enjoyment of worldly pleasures
25
3 characteristics of the ideal Renaissance man
athlete artist scholar
26
What did Pope Leo approve the sale of in the 1500s and what were they for
indulgences | reduce a soul's time in purgatory
27
John Wycliff
the "morning star" of the Protestant reformation | an english cleric who called on the church to give up her earthly possessions
28
A Bohemian priest who preached against the immorality of the church - what happened to him
Jan Hus | tried for Heresy and burned at the stake in 1412
29
What did Martin Luther do in 1517?
nailed the 95 Theses to the church door in Wittenberg - challenging leaders to debate
30
3 elements of Luther's doctrine
faith alone, not works for salvation scripture alone has authority, not traditions access to God through Christ alone, not priests
31
Who called the Diet of Worms to try Luther on the charge of heresy?
Holy Roman Emperor Charles V
32
a government in which church and state are joined and officials are considered to be divinely inspired
theocracy
33
holds that God knows who will be saved and guides the lives of those destined for salvation
Predestination
34
TULIP
``` Total depravity Unconditional election limited atonement irresistible grace perseverance of the saints ```
35
Became the spokesperson for the Reformation in Scotland
John Knox
36
won the title "Defender of the Faith" for his tracts against Martin Luther
Henry VIII
37
What happened with Henry's marriage to Catherine?
he had it annulled because she only gave him Mary, a girl
38
Anne Boleyn
Henry secretly married her and she gave him a girl, Elizabeth
39
required English subjects to take an oath declaring Henry VIII to be "Supreme Head of the Church of England"
the act of supremacy
40
who allowed Protestants to control the Church of England, and who were his parents
Edward VI | Henry VIII and Jane Seymour
41
Mary Tudor returned England to the authority of the
pope
42
What did Elizabeth do church wise?
followed the middle way | allowing Catholic practices to remain in the liturgy of the Anglican Church
43
preached fiery sermons against the abuses of the church and convinced people to gather and burn their jewelry
Girolamo Savonarola
44
who founded the Jesuits and what did they do
Ignatius of Loyola | established missions, schools, and universities around the world
45
met on and off from 1545 to 1563, clarifying Catholic teachings on many important points
the Council of Trent
46
the Catholic Church established ______ to counter Protestantism
the Roman Inquisition
47
the Catholic Church's attempt to stamp out rebellion fostered by the use of the printing press
Index of Forbidden Books
48
What was a ghetto and what was it used for?
a walled and gated section that was segregated from the rest of the city used in some places in Europe to house Jews
49
what rebellion began in 1524 and what were reactions to it
Peasants' War harshly suppressed by nobility denounced by Luther
50
What did the Peace of Augsburg do
allowed each German prince to choose Catholicism or Lutheranism as the religion of his subjects coined Protestant
51
issued by Henry of Navarre, and allowed the Hugenots (French Protestants) some religious freedom
Edict of Nantes
52
2 advances in technology that enabled sailors to determine their location
compass | astrolabe
53
established a small court from which expeditions were sent west to islands in the Atlantic and south to explore the coast of Africa - a school
Prince Henry the Navigator
54
attempted to sail around the southern tip of Africa, the Cape of Good Hope
Bartolomeu Dias
55
sailed around Africa to India
Vasco de Gama
56
landed in America but believed he had landed in India
Christopher Columbus
57
crossed the Strait of Panama and became the first European to see the Pacific Ocean
Vasco Nunez de Balboa
58
set out to circumnavigate the globe
Ferdinand Magellan
59
the English sailor who became the second man to circumnavigate the globe
Francis Drake
60
explored North America for the English and Dutch
Henry Hudson
61
Spanish colonists were given a certain amount of land and a number of Native Americans to work the land
the encomienda system
62
conquered the Aztecs of central Mexico
Hernan Cortes
63
the ruler of the Aztecs
Moctezuma II
64
conquered the Incas of Peru
Francisco Pizarro
65
the ruler of the Incas
Atahualpa
66
Spanish officials to ruled over a large colonial area in the king's name
Viceroys
67
strenuously objected to the treatment of Native Americans by the Spanish Government
Bartolome de las Casas
68
was signed by Spain and Portugal which gave Brazil to Portugal but everything west of a line to Spain
Treaty of Tordesillas
69
2 ways the French manage their colonies differently from the Spanish and Portugese?
sent small groups of traders, not many colonists | didn't enslave Native Americans
70
Dutch governor bought what from the Wappinger tribe
Manhattan
71
English established their first permanent colony at
Jamestown
72
Pilgrims founded the colony of
Plymouth, Massachusetts
73
the global exchange of plants, animals, and disease between the Eastern and Western Hemispheres
Columbian Exchange
74
2 Native American crops that became staples in European diets
corn | potatoes
75
the European beast of burden that became a new source of labor and transportation in the New World
horse
76
a nation's wealth was measured by the amount of what it possessed
gold and silver
77
occurs when a nation sells more goods than it buys from foreign nations
favorable balance of trade
78
a tax on imports
tariff
79
grants of money provided by the government to help individuals begin new businesses
subsidies
80
an economic system in which private individuals (or organizations) invest their money and effort in order to make greater profits
capitalism
81
investors buy shares of stock in a company in order to share the profits of that company or to distribute evenly any losses
joint-stock company
82
American colonies became dependent on
the triangle trade
83
the second leg of the triangle trade was ____ | 2 facts
the middle passage | took 3-6 weeks and killed 10-20% of its African captives
84
the diffusion of African peoples - and African culture, such as music, art, religion, and food around the world
the African Diaspora
85
3 changes in Europe that caused the Renaissance
Black Death and warfare breakdown of feudalism and growth of towns
86
Where did the renaissance begin"
northern italian city states - florence
87
Why did the Renaissance begin in cities
urban areas fostered specialized tasks wealthy merchant class fostered the arts pride in achievement, wealth, beauty
88
What was the Divine Comedy
written by Dante Alighieri he is led through hell, purgatory, and heaven by virgil was in the vernacular
89
What did Losimo Medici do
created the first free public library
90
what did Losimo's grandson Lorenzo the magnificent do
ruled behind the scenes
91
what did Lorenzo Ghiberti do
won a contest to create new doors for the baptistry in Florence
92
What did Masaccio do
developed perspective in painting
93
Who came after the Medicis?
Niccolo Machiavelli
94
2 points from the prince
politics have no relation to morals | it is better to be feared than loved if you cannot be both
95
3 roots of the reformation
renaissance spirit - back to the roots irreligion in the church the printing press
96
4 important renaissance figures
John Wycliff Jan Hus Thomas More Desiderius Erasmus
97
What did Wycliff do?
translated the Bible into English
98
What happened to Hus before he was executed
excommunication
99
what did Utopia do
criticized the church
100
what was thomas more
a chancellor
101
where was erasmus from
holland
102
Luther's faith journey
troubled by guilt | discovered grace through faith
103
What started the reformation
the nailing of the 95 theses
104
What happened at the Diet of Worms
refused to recant edict was given to kill him after 30 days kidnapped by friends and lived in captivity for a year before returning to Wittenburg church
105
2 things Luther did
translated the Bible into German | wrote hymns to be sung by congregation
106
What did Luther and Zwingli not agree on?
Eucharist
107
What happened to Zwingli?
died fighting at Kappel
108
Where was Calvin pastor?
Geneva
109
What did Calvin write?
The Institutes of the Christian Religion
110
offshoots of Calvin
Presbyterian | Baptist
111
Where did the Anabaptists begin and why?
Zurich | Zwingli didn't go far enough
112
two points of anabaptist faith
adult baptism | matthew 5-7 key
113
results of anabaptists
amish hutterites mennonites
114
3 things Henry VIII did
started the Anglican Church to divorce Catherine of Aragon got control of church property had Thomas More beheaded
115
what happened after Henry's death
confusion and conflict in the church
116
Edward VI
allowed church to be purified
117
Mary
restored Catholicism
118
splinters of anglican
episcopalians | methodists
119
What reestablished catholic doctrine
council of trent
120
points made by the council of trent
pope is final interpreter of faith salvation is by faith and works bible and tradition are equally authoritative indulgences, relics, and pilgrimages are valuable
121
what encouraged exploration
the renaissance spirit of inquiry and confidence | new technology

World History (14 decks)

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