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World History > Middle Ages > Flashcards

Middle Ages Flashcards

0
Q

What did the Bedouins do?

A

move in small bands across the Arabian peninsula

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1
Q

Nomadic Arab shepherds and goatherds

A

bedouins

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2
Q

a large cube-shaped building in the center of Mecca

A

Kaaba

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3
Q

the name for Muhammed’s journey from Mecca to Yathrib (Medina)

A

hegira

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4
Q

Where were Muhammed’s words collected?

A

Qur’an

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5
Q

What is the Qur’an?

A

the sacred text of Islam

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6
Q

List the 5 pillars of Islam with clarification.

A 
profession of faith - there is no god but Allah and Muhammad is his prophet
5 daily prayers facing Mecca
giving of alms
fast from dawn to dusk during Ramadan
pilgrimage to Mecca once in a lifetime
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7
Q

the pilgrimage to Mecca required of each Muslim

A

hajj

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8
Q

Where do Muslims gather to worship?

A

mosques

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9
Q

the struggle for faith, or holy war

A

jihad

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10
Q

the loosely organized Muslim legal system

A

Sharia

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11
Q

The three peoples of the book

A

Jews
Christians
Muslims

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12
Q

Who was Muhammad’s successor after his death?

A

Abu Bakr

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13
Q

What do you call the successor to a prophet?

A

caliph

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14
Q

Who reluctantly accepted the Umayyad caliph Mu’awiya after the assassination of Ali?

A

Sunnis

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15
Q

Who was Ali?

A

the third caliph and Muhammad’s cousin

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16
Q

The party of Ali

A

Shia

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17
Q

What did the Shia do?

A

Refuse to go along with the Umayyads and chose their own leader

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18
Q

What did the Shi’ites call their leader?

A

imam

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19
Q

Sought a mystical connection with Allah through breath control and meditation

A

Sufis

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20
Q

Where did the Abbasids move the capital of the caliphate to?

A

Baghdad

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21
Q

When did the Abbasids move the capital?

A

after they defeated the Umayyads

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22
Q

What was the Muslim economy built largely on?

A

commerce

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23
Q

What was a valuable contribution of Muslim scholars?

A

translating Ancient Greek scientific and philosophical writings into Arabic

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24
What were the Averroes?
the commentaries of Ibn Rushd on the works of Aristotle which influenced Christian thinking
25
What did the Muslims perfect?
the astrolabe
26
What was an astrolabe?
an instrument for finding the position and movement of the stars and planets
27
Beautiful styled writing developed by Islamic artists
caligraphy
28
What almost toppled Justinian and his wife?
Nika Revolt
29
What was Justinian's wife's name?
Theodora
30
Codified the existing laws of the Roman Empire from the time of Hadrian
Corpus Juris Civilis
31
What does Corpus Juris Civilis mean?
body of civil law
32
What was Justinian's code?
The updated revised version of Corpus Juris Civilis
33
the most common art of the Byzantines
mosaics
34
paintings or sculptures of sacred figures
icons
35
Why did some church officials find these sacred figures useful?
teaching people about Christianity
36
5 ways the eastern church differed from the western church
``` downplayed or rejected icons worshipped in the vernacular worshipped a cappella priests married emperor supreme authority (pope supreme authority) ```
37
another term for church officials
clergy
38
What did the eastern church become known as?
Orthodox
39
The western church became known as?
Roman Catholic Church
40
Who did Constantinople fall to?
Ottoman Turks
41
What did the Ottoman Turks do to Constantinople?
renamed in Istanbul
42
What did the Slavs along the river Dnieper do about their problems?
asked the Rus to intervene
43
the ruler during the height of Kievan Rus's power
Yaroslav the Wise
44
Who did the Eastern church send to the Slavs?
Cyril and Methodius
45
Why were Cyril and Methodius sent to the Slavs?
to convert them to Christianity
46
Who was baptized into the Eastern church and later made Christianity the state religion of Kievan Russia?
Grand Duke Vladimir I
47
Who did Kiev fall to?
Mongol raiders
48
Saved the Russian city of Novgorod from invasion by the Swedes
Alexander Nevsky
49
What does means Nevsky?
of the Neva
50
Who else did Alexander Nevsky save Novgorod from?
Teutonic Knights
51
Who led a group of monks to bring Christianity to England?
Augustine of Canterbury
52
What did Alfred the Great do?
united the small Anglo-Saxon kingdoms
53
Why did Alexander the Great unite kingdoms?
to repel an invasion by the Danes
54
Who was baptized into the Western church with 3000 Franks?
Clovis
55
What were the Middle Ages also known as?
the Medieval period
56
Who brought the Christian faith to Ireland?
Patrick
57
Undertook reforms to strengthen both the papacy and canon law
Gregory the Great
58
What did Gregory envision?
Christendom as a spiritual kingdom under papal authority
59
Created a collection of guidelines for monks
Benedict of Nursia
60
Three vows the Benedictine monks made
chastity obedience poverty
61
How did Benedictine monasteries preserve the knowledge of Ancient Greek and Rome?
copying ancient manuscripts
62
3 examples of how Western Europe declined after the fall of Rome
loss of legal system decline of trade and towns loss of literacy
63
Defeated the Muslim invaders at Tours
Charles Martel
64
What did Martel's victory at Tours do?
ended the Muslim advance through Spain
65
Forced the king of the Franks to abdicate and took the throne himself
Pippin the Short
66
What did Charlemagne do?
``` chose Aaechen as the permanent capital of the Franks organized the kingdom into countries revived learning and literacy recorded many of the tribal law systems crowned Holy Roman Emperor ```
67
2 ideas behind the pope's granting of Holy Roman Emperor to Charlemagne
Charlemagne had restored the glory of the Roman Empire in Europe Charlemagne's rule was backed by the church and God
68
3 advantages the Vikings had in making raids on Europe
well built ships navigation intimidation
69
3 reasons the Viking raids ended
feudalism conversion to Christianity gradually warming climate
70
4 needs met by feudalism
protection from Vikings and crime social organization system of justice quasi-government functions
71
highly skilled soldiers who fought on horseback
knights
72
a parcel of land given to a knight in return for his military service
fief
73
anyone who accepted land in return for service
vassal
74
a person who granted land in return for service
lord
75
bound a knight to loyal service
oath of fealty
76
3 factors behind complexity of the feudal system
one could be a lord and a vassal at the same time one knight could serve many lords the rules regarding feudal obligations were specific to the time and place
77
the economic system linked to feudalism
manorial system
78
most of the peasants on the manor
serfs
79
What were 2 things about serfs?
not free to leave the manor | could not marry without their lord's permission
80
Who fought the Battle of Hastings?
William the Conqueror | Harold the Anglo-Saxon
81
Who won the Battle of Hastings?
William the Conqueror
82
Why did William the Conqueror fight the Battle of Hastings?
to win England for the Normans
83
a survey of England's property and taxable income
Domesday Book
84
What linked French nobility, English nobility, and lands?
the marriage of Henry II and Eleanor of Aquitaine
85
Who was forced to sign the Magna Carta?
English King John
86
What did the Magna Carta do?
guarantee nobility rights
87
Summoned a parliament
Edward I
88
Who was at the first parliament?
nobles clergymen representatives from every English county and town
89
Who controlled the French crown in the mid-900s?
Capetian dynasty
90
the name given to the territories united under the German king Otto the Great
Holy Roman Empire
91
What did the Christians call the Muslims who controlled Spain and Portugal?
Moors
92
the campaign to retake the Iberian Peninsula
Reconquista
93
a person's level of devotion to his or her relgion
piety
94
three issues which spurred the church reforms during the Middle Ages
marriage or concubinage by priests simony lay investiture
95
Who excommunicated the patriarch of Constantinople?
Leo IX
96
What did Leo's excommunicating do?
split the church in two
97
Demonstrated the power of the papacy by excommunicating Henry IV and letting him stand 3 days in the snow before forgiving and lifting the excommunication
Pope Gregory VII
98
A series of religious wars between the Christian church and the Muslims
the Crusades
99
7 sacraments in order
``` baptism penance holy eucharist confirmation matrimony Holy Orders extreme unction ```
100
Who convened the Council of Clermont?
Pope Urban II
101
Why was the Council of Clermont called?
a holy war against the Turks
102
Recaptured crusader states and defended them against attacks led by Richard the Lion-hearted
the Muslim sultan Saladin
103
Where did the Christians attack during the 4th crusade?
Zara and Constantinople
104
the most important of the early trading cities in Italy
Venice
105
Where did merchants travel to to sell their goods
trade fairs
106
what led to the creation of banks
the increased use of money and credit
107
What were most money lenders?
Jews
108
Why weren't Christians money lenders?
against religious laws
109
trade organizations that set standards and prices for their products
guilds
110
children learning the skills of a craft from a master
apprentices
111
craftsmen who had not qualified to become a master
journeyman
112
a new type of support that made Gothic architecture possible
flying buttress
113
the process of decorating a written manuscript with pictures or designs
illumination
114
a code of honor requiring knights to be generous and courteous to women and other knights
chivalry
115
wandering singers who performed epics and romances
Troubadours
116
wrote THE CANTERBURY TALES
Geoffrey Chaucher
117
wrote THE DIVINE COMEDY
Dante Alighieri
118
what increased the flow of Greek learning into Europe
growth of universities
119
attempted to reconcile revelation and reason in an approach called Scholasticism
Thomas Aquinas
120
Thomas Aquinas's most important work
Summa Theologica
121
a belief that is opposed to the church's official teaching
heresy
122
legal procedures supervised by special judges who tried false teachers
inquisitions
123
churchmen who lived among the people
friars
124
Who fought the Hundred Years' War?
France and England
125
led the French to victory at Orleans
Joan of Arc
126
Was fought between the families of the Yorks and the Lancasters over control of the English throne
the Wars of the Roses
127
What was the Black Death?
a plague that swept across the European continent
128
How much of Europe died during the Black Death?
1/3 | 25 million
129
Who began the Muslim Empire
Muhammad
130
Muhammad's story
began to preach in Mecca Fled to Medina consolidated power defeated Mecca
131
Where are Muhammad's teachings contained?
the Qur'an
132
1 rule about the Qur'an
must be studied in Arabic
133
Which caliphs were assassinated?
2nd-4th
134
Who killed Muhammad's grandson?
5th caliph
135
Who do the Shi'ite Muslims follow?
direct successors of Muhammad
136
Who do the Sunni follow?
a dynasty descended from Abbas
137
Who was Abbas?
Muhammad's uncle
138
what are the Sunni
orthodox muslims
139
What was the capital of the Byzantine empire?
Constantinople
140
What land did the Byzantine empire cover?
the Bosphorus Strait
141
What is the Bosphorus strait?
the link between the Black and Mediterranean seas
142
What did Justinian do?
attempt to reconquer Roman lands to the West certified Roman law and legal opinions undertook massive building program
143
How did Justinian conquer Rome?
He destroyed it
144
What happened after Justinian's death?
the empire lost all its conquered lands
145
What ended up making up the code of Justinian?
Greek and Latin scholars compiling and simplifying 400 years of documents
146
What did the pope and patriarch do to each other before the church split?
they excommunicated each other
147
What does catholic mean?
universal
148
what does orthodox mean?
correct praise or belief
149
What did the Slavs want?
Byzantine culture
150
What did Cyril do?
invented the Cyrillic alphabet for the Slavs to read the Bible
151
What did the Russians do?
came south from Scandinavia | established a capital at Kiev
152
What did Vladimir do?
chose the Byzantine faith
153
What did the Turks do?
broke up Islamic political structure
154
What did the Persians do in Baghdad?
captured it and divided the power between the caliph and the sultan
155
What did the Seljuk Turks do with Baghdad
took control, then occupied Asia Minor
156
What did the Ottoman Turks do?
conquered Asia Minor and conquered the Balkans
157
What happened to Constantinople?
It fell to the Ottoman Turks after a two month siege
158
What did monasteries do?
maintained tradition and stops chaos
159
What did the monks do to maintain tradition?
copied documents
160
Patrick's story
escaped from slavery in Ireland | returned to teach the Irish
161
Who was Clovis?
king of the Franks
162
One Christian act occurring at this time?
missionaries going out
163
What did Pope Gregory do?
acted as Rome's mayor made treaties raised armies built roads
164
Who crowned Pepin the Short king of France?
the pope
165
4 facts about Charlemagne's reign?
golden age efficient government revived learning crowned the Holy Roman Emperor
166
Who were the Vikings?
Scandinavian raiders who led lightning strikes onn inland rivers
167
What else did the Vikings do?
explored and settled Iceland, Greenland, and Vinland
168
What was the feudal organization?
lord/king vassal/lord knight/vassal serfs and free peasants
169
What did Christian life do?
gave life coherence
170
What was Simony?
Christianity for money
171
How was orthodoxy enforced?
excommunication
172
What were two new orders in society?
franciscans | dominicans
173
What did the Franciscans do?
work among the poor
174
What did the Dominicans do
preach and teach al the classes
175
3 reasons for the Crusades
advance of the Seljuk turks hope of reunion with the Byzantine church outlet for bellicose knights
176
What does Pope Urban promise for the crusaders?
forgiveness of sins freedom from creditors choice of fiefs from conquered lands
177
Events of the 1st crusade
took Jerusalem | created the Crusader States
178
3rd crusade
Richard and Saladin fought to a draw
179
4th crusade
captured and sacked constantinople
180
Children's crusade
thousands of children led into slavery
181
9th crusade
final crusade
182
Results of the crusades
``` Jerusalem remained under Muslim control Constantinople fell to the Turks Church lost power, prestige Feudalism weakened Europeans were exposed to the products of the Far East ```
183
one thing abut english government
constant war between feudal kings
184
What happened with William of Normandy's great grandson Henry II?
inherited, married into, and conquered much of France
185
Henry II's 2nd son did what?
lost most of his father's land
186
one thing that occurred during John's reign
French king forced his vassals to choose between France and England
187
2 parts of the Magna Carta
no taxation without representation | due process
188
What is due process
right to look at evidence ask for bail, charge must be given within 48 hours or so
189
What does parliament represent?
English middle class
190
Who creates the Model Parliament
Edward I
191
Why does Edward I create the Model Parliament
to raise money
192
Who attended the House of Commons?
knights and burgesses (businessmen)
193
who attended the House of Lords
nobles and priests
194
what did parliament eventually do
limited the power of the king
195
the situation with Boniface and Philip IV
Pope Boniface was humiliated because Philip ignored papal bulls Boniface died after being unsuccessfully kidnapped by France
196
What occurred in the Babylonian captivity?
Philip convinced cardinals to chooser a french pope (Clement V Clement moved to Avignon, France, with his court
197
What happened in the great western schism?
Urban IV was elected Pope in Rome CLement VII was elected Pope in France the church sent a 3rd pope the council of constance removed all 3 and put in Martin V
198
Why did the feudal system collapse?
the peasants demanded wages during the Black Death
199
Why was the 100 years' war fought
france and england fighting over land
200
2 new weapons of the 100 years' war
longbow | cannon
201
What grew in both countries in the 100 years' war
nationalism
202
what happened with joan of arc besides her victory?
led charles vii to be crowned french king | captured by the british and burned at the stake as a heretic
203
names of constantinople
new rome byzantium istanbul
204
What did Francis do?
began an order of friars

World History (14 decks)

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