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Middle Ages Flashcards

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0
Q

What did the Bedouins do?

A

move in small bands across the Arabian peninsula

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1
Q

Nomadic Arab shepherds and goatherds

A

bedouins

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2
Q

a large cube-shaped building in the center of Mecca

A

Kaaba

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3
Q

the name for Muhammed’s journey from Mecca to Yathrib (Medina)

A

hegira

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4
Q

Where were Muhammed’s words collected?

A

Qur’an

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5
Q

What is the Qur’an?

A

the sacred text of Islam

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6
Q

List the 5 pillars of Islam with clarification.

A 
profession of faith - there is no god but Allah and Muhammad is his prophet
5 daily prayers facing Mecca
giving of alms
fast from dawn to dusk during Ramadan
pilgrimage to Mecca once in a lifetime
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7
Q

the pilgrimage to Mecca required of each Muslim

A

hajj

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8
Q

Where do Muslims gather to worship?

A

mosques

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9
Q

the struggle for faith, or holy war

A

jihad

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10
Q

the loosely organized Muslim legal system

A

Sharia

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11
Q

The three peoples of the book

A

Jews
Christians
Muslims

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12
Q

Who was Muhammad’s successor after his death?

A

Abu Bakr

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13
Q

What do you call the successor to a prophet?

A

caliph

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14
Q

Who reluctantly accepted the Umayyad caliph Mu’awiya after the assassination of Ali?

A

Sunnis

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15
Q

Who was Ali?

A

the third caliph and Muhammad’s cousin

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16
Q

The party of Ali

A

Shia

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17
Q

What did the Shia do?

A

Refuse to go along with the Umayyads and chose their own leader

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18
Q

What did the Shi’ites call their leader?

A

imam

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19
Q

Sought a mystical connection with Allah through breath control and meditation

A

Sufis

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20
Q

Where did the Abbasids move the capital of the caliphate to?

A

Baghdad

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21
Q

When did the Abbasids move the capital?

A

after they defeated the Umayyads

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22
Q

What was the Muslim economy built largely on?

A

commerce

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23
Q

What was a valuable contribution of Muslim scholars?

A

translating Ancient Greek scientific and philosophical writings into Arabic

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24
Q

What were the Averroes?

A

the commentaries of Ibn Rushd on the works of Aristotle which influenced Christian thinking

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25
Q

What did the Muslims perfect?

A

the astrolabe

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26
Q

What was an astrolabe?

A

an instrument for finding the position and movement of the stars and planets

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27
Q

Beautiful styled writing developed by Islamic artists

A

caligraphy

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28
Q

What almost toppled Justinian and his wife?

A

Nika Revolt

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29
Q

What was Justinian’s wife’s name?

A

Theodora

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30
Q

Codified the existing laws of the Roman Empire from the time of Hadrian

A

Corpus Juris Civilis

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31
Q

What does Corpus Juris Civilis mean?

A

body of civil law

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32
Q

What was Justinian’s code?

A

The updated revised version of Corpus Juris Civilis

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33
Q

the most common art of the Byzantines

A

mosaics

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34
Q

paintings or sculptures of sacred figures

A

icons

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35
Q

Why did some church officials find these sacred figures useful?

A

teaching people about Christianity

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36
Q

5 ways the eastern church differed from the western church

A 
downplayed or rejected icons
worshipped in the vernacular
worshipped a cappella
priests married
emperor supreme authority (pope supreme authority)
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37
Q

another term for church officials

A

clergy

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38
Q

What did the eastern church become known as?

A

Orthodox

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39
Q

The western church became known as?

A

Roman Catholic Church

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40
Q

Who did Constantinople fall to?

A

Ottoman Turks

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41
Q

What did the Ottoman Turks do to Constantinople?

A

renamed in Istanbul

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42
Q

What did the Slavs along the river Dnieper do about their problems?

A

asked the Rus to intervene

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43
Q

the ruler during the height of Kievan Rus’s power

A

Yaroslav the Wise

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44
Q

Who did the Eastern church send to the Slavs?

A

Cyril and Methodius

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45
Q

Why were Cyril and Methodius sent to the Slavs?

A

to convert them to Christianity

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46
Q

Who was baptized into the Eastern church and later made Christianity the state religion of Kievan Russia?

A

Grand Duke Vladimir I

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47
Q

Who did Kiev fall to?

A

Mongol raiders

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48
Q

Saved the Russian city of Novgorod from invasion by the Swedes

A

Alexander Nevsky

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49
Q

What does means Nevsky?

A

of the Neva

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50
Q

Who else did Alexander Nevsky save Novgorod from?

A

Teutonic Knights

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51
Q

Who led a group of monks to bring Christianity to England?

A

Augustine of Canterbury

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52
Q

What did Alfred the Great do?

A

united the small Anglo-Saxon kingdoms

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53
Q

Why did Alexander the Great unite kingdoms?

A

to repel an invasion by the Danes

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54
Q

Who was baptized into the Western church with 3000 Franks?

A

Clovis

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55
Q

What were the Middle Ages also known as?

A

the Medieval period

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56
Q

Who brought the Christian faith to Ireland?

A

Patrick

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57
Q

Undertook reforms to strengthen both the papacy and canon law

A

Gregory the Great

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58
Q

What did Gregory envision?

A

Christendom as a spiritual kingdom under papal authority

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59
Q

Created a collection of guidelines for monks

A

Benedict of Nursia

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60
Q

Three vows the Benedictine monks made

A

chastity
obedience
poverty

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61
Q

How did Benedictine monasteries preserve the knowledge of Ancient Greek and Rome?

A

copying ancient manuscripts

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62
Q

3 examples of how Western Europe declined after the fall of Rome

A

loss of legal system
decline of trade and towns
loss of literacy

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63
Q

Defeated the Muslim invaders at Tours

A

Charles Martel

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64
Q

What did Martel’s victory at Tours do?

A

ended the Muslim advance through Spain

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65
Q

Forced the king of the Franks to abdicate and took the throne himself

A

Pippin the Short

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66
Q

What did Charlemagne do?

A 
chose Aaechen as the permanent capital of the Franks
organized the kingdom into countries
revived learning and literacy
recorded many of the tribal law systems
crowned Holy Roman Emperor
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67
Q

2 ideas behind the pope’s granting of Holy Roman Emperor to Charlemagne

A

Charlemagne had restored the glory of the Roman Empire in Europe
Charlemagne’s rule was backed by the church and God

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68
Q

3 advantages the Vikings had in making raids on Europe

A

well built ships
navigation
intimidation

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69
Q

3 reasons the Viking raids ended

A

feudalism
conversion to Christianity
gradually warming climate

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70
Q

4 needs met by feudalism

A

protection from Vikings and crime
social organization
system of justice
quasi-government functions

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71
Q

highly skilled soldiers who fought on horseback

A

knights

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72
Q

a parcel of land given to a knight in return for his military service

A

fief

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73
Q

anyone who accepted land in return for service

A

vassal

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74
Q

a person who granted land in return for service

A

lord

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75
Q

bound a knight to loyal service

A

oath of fealty

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76
Q

3 factors behind complexity of the feudal system

A

one could be a lord and a vassal at the same time
one knight could serve many lords
the rules regarding feudal obligations were specific to the time and place

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77
Q

the economic system linked to feudalism

A

manorial system

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78
Q

most of the peasants on the manor

A

serfs

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79
Q

What were 2 things about serfs?

A

not free to leave the manor

could not marry without their lord’s permission

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80
Q

Who fought the Battle of Hastings?

A

William the Conqueror

Harold the Anglo-Saxon

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81
Q

Who won the Battle of Hastings?

A

William the Conqueror

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82
Q

Why did William the Conqueror fight the Battle of Hastings?

A

to win England for the Normans

83
Q

a survey of England’s property and taxable income

A

Domesday Book

84
Q

What linked French nobility, English nobility, and lands?

A

the marriage of Henry II and Eleanor of Aquitaine

85
Q

Who was forced to sign the Magna Carta?

A

English King John

86
Q

What did the Magna Carta do?

A

guarantee nobility rights

87
Q

Summoned a parliament

A

Edward I

88
Q

Who was at the first parliament?

A

nobles
clergymen
representatives from every English county and town

89
Q

Who controlled the French crown in the mid-900s?

A

Capetian dynasty

90
Q

the name given to the territories united under the German king Otto the Great

A

Holy Roman Empire

91
Q

What did the Christians call the Muslims who controlled Spain and Portugal?

A

Moors

92
Q

the campaign to retake the Iberian Peninsula

A

Reconquista

93
Q

a person’s level of devotion to his or her relgion

A

piety

94
Q

three issues which spurred the church reforms during the Middle Ages

A

marriage or concubinage by priests
simony
lay investiture

95
Q

Who excommunicated the patriarch of Constantinople?

A

Leo IX

96
Q

What did Leo’s excommunicating do?

A

split the church in two

97
Q

Demonstrated the power of the papacy by excommunicating Henry IV and letting him stand 3 days in the snow before forgiving and lifting the excommunication

A

Pope Gregory VII

98
Q

A series of religious wars between the Christian church and the Muslims

A

the Crusades

99
Q

7 sacraments in order

A 
baptism
penance
holy eucharist
confirmation
matrimony
Holy Orders
extreme unction
100
Q

Who convened the Council of Clermont?

A

Pope Urban II

101
Q

Why was the Council of Clermont called?

A

a holy war against the Turks

102
Q

Recaptured crusader states and defended them against attacks led by Richard the Lion-hearted

A

the Muslim sultan Saladin

103
Q

Where did the Christians attack during the 4th crusade?

A

Zara and Constantinople

104
Q

the most important of the early trading cities in Italy

A

Venice

105
Q

Where did merchants travel to to sell their goods

A

trade fairs

106
Q

what led to the creation of banks

A

the increased use of money and credit

107
Q

What were most money lenders?

A

Jews

108
Q

Why weren’t Christians money lenders?

A

against religious laws

109
Q

trade organizations that set standards and prices for their products

A

guilds

110
Q

children learning the skills of a craft from a master

A

apprentices

111
Q

craftsmen who had not qualified to become a master

A

journeyman

112
Q

a new type of support that made Gothic architecture possible

A

flying buttress

113
Q

the process of decorating a written manuscript with pictures or designs

A

illumination

114
Q

a code of honor requiring knights to be generous and courteous to women and other knights

A

chivalry

115
Q

wandering singers who performed epics and romances

A

Troubadours

116
Q

wrote THE CANTERBURY TALES

A

Geoffrey Chaucher

117
Q

wrote THE DIVINE COMEDY

A

Dante Alighieri

118
Q

what increased the flow of Greek learning into Europe

A

growth of universities

119
Q

attempted to reconcile revelation and reason in an approach called Scholasticism

A

Thomas Aquinas

120
Q

Thomas Aquinas’s most important work

A

Summa Theologica

121
Q

a belief that is opposed to the church’s official teaching

A

heresy

122
Q

legal procedures supervised by special judges who tried false teachers

A

inquisitions

123
Q

churchmen who lived among the people

A

friars

124
Q

Who fought the Hundred Years’ War?

A

France and England

125
Q

led the French to victory at Orleans

A

Joan of Arc

126
Q

Was fought between the families of the Yorks and the Lancasters over control of the English throne

A

the Wars of the Roses

127
Q

What was the Black Death?

A

a plague that swept across the European continent

128
Q

How much of Europe died during the Black Death?

A

1/3

25 million

129
Q

Who began the Muslim Empire

A

Muhammad

130
Q

Muhammad’s story

A

began to preach in Mecca
Fled to Medina
consolidated power
defeated Mecca

131
Q

Where are Muhammad’s teachings contained?

A

the Qur’an

132
Q

1 rule about the Qur’an

A

must be studied in Arabic

133
Q

Which caliphs were assassinated?

A

2nd-4th

134
Q

Who killed Muhammad’s grandson?

A

5th caliph

135
Q

Who do the Shi’ite Muslims follow?

A

direct successors of Muhammad

136
Q

Who do the Sunni follow?

A

a dynasty descended from Abbas

137
Q

Who was Abbas?

A

Muhammad’s uncle

138
Q

what are the Sunni

A

orthodox muslims

139
Q

What was the capital of the Byzantine empire?

A

Constantinople

140
Q

What land did the Byzantine empire cover?

A

the Bosphorus Strait

141
Q

What is the Bosphorus strait?

A

the link between the Black and Mediterranean seas

142
Q

What did Justinian do?

A

attempt to reconquer Roman lands to the West
certified Roman law and legal opinions
undertook massive building program

143
Q

How did Justinian conquer Rome?

A

He destroyed it

144
Q

What happened after Justinian’s death?

A

the empire lost all its conquered lands

145
Q

What ended up making up the code of Justinian?

A

Greek and Latin scholars compiling and simplifying 400 years of documents

146
Q

What did the pope and patriarch do to each other before the church split?

A

they excommunicated each other

147
Q

What does catholic mean?

A

universal

148
Q

what does orthodox mean?

A

correct praise or belief

149
Q

What did the Slavs want?

A

Byzantine culture

150
Q

What did Cyril do?

A

invented the Cyrillic alphabet for the Slavs to read the Bible

151
Q

What did the Russians do?

A

came south from Scandinavia

established a capital at Kiev

152
Q

What did Vladimir do?

A

chose the Byzantine faith

153
Q

What did the Turks do?

A

broke up Islamic political structure

154
Q

What did the Persians do in Baghdad?

A

captured it and divided the power between the caliph and the sultan

155
Q

What did the Seljuk Turks do with Baghdad

A

took control, then occupied Asia Minor

156
Q

What did the Ottoman Turks do?

A

conquered Asia Minor and conquered the Balkans

157
Q

What happened to Constantinople?

A

It fell to the Ottoman Turks after a two month siege

158
Q

What did monasteries do?

A

maintained tradition and stops chaos

159
Q

What did the monks do to maintain tradition?

A

copied documents

160
Q

Patrick’s story

A

escaped from slavery in Ireland

returned to teach the Irish

161
Q

Who was Clovis?

A

king of the Franks

162
Q

One Christian act occurring at this time?

A

missionaries going out

163
Q

What did Pope Gregory do?

A

acted as Rome’s mayor
made treaties
raised armies
built roads

164
Q

Who crowned Pepin the Short king of France?

A

the pope

165
Q

4 facts about Charlemagne’s reign?

A

golden age
efficient government
revived learning
crowned the Holy Roman Emperor

166
Q

Who were the Vikings?

A

Scandinavian raiders who led lightning strikes onn inland rivers

167
Q

What else did the Vikings do?

A

explored and settled Iceland, Greenland, and Vinland

168
Q

What was the feudal organization?

A

lord/king
vassal/lord
knight/vassal
serfs and free peasants

169
Q

What did Christian life do?

A

gave life coherence

170
Q

What was Simony?

A

Christianity for money

171
Q

How was orthodoxy enforced?

A

excommunication

172
Q

What were two new orders in society?

A

franciscans

dominicans

173
Q

What did the Franciscans do?

A

work among the poor

174
Q

What did the Dominicans do

A

preach and teach al the classes

175
Q

3 reasons for the Crusades

A

advance of the Seljuk turks
hope of reunion with the Byzantine church
outlet for bellicose knights

176
Q

What does Pope Urban promise for the crusaders?

A

forgiveness of sins
freedom from creditors
choice of fiefs from conquered lands

177
Q

Events of the 1st crusade

A

took Jerusalem

created the Crusader States

178
Q

3rd crusade

A

Richard and Saladin fought to a draw

179
Q

4th crusade

A

captured and sacked constantinople

180
Q

Children’s crusade

A

thousands of children led into slavery

181
Q

9th crusade

A

final crusade

182
Q

Results of the crusades

A 
Jerusalem remained under Muslim control
Constantinople fell to the Turks
Church lost power, prestige
Feudalism weakened
Europeans were exposed to the products of the Far East
183
Q

one thing abut english government

A

constant war between feudal kings

184
Q

What happened with William of Normandy’s great grandson Henry II?

A

inherited, married into, and conquered much of France

185
Q

Henry II’s 2nd son did what?

A

lost most of his father’s land

186
Q

one thing that occurred during John’s reign

A

French king forced his vassals to choose between France and England

187
Q

2 parts of the Magna Carta

A

no taxation without representation

due process

188
Q

What is due process

A

right to look at evidence
ask for bail,
charge must be given within 48 hours or so

189
Q

What does parliament represent?

A

English middle class

190
Q

Who creates the Model Parliament

A

Edward I

191
Q

Why does Edward I create the Model Parliament

A

to raise money

192
Q

Who attended the House of Commons?

A

knights and burgesses (businessmen)

193
Q

who attended the House of Lords

A

nobles and priests

194
Q

what did parliament eventually do

A

limited the power of the king

195
Q

the situation with Boniface and Philip IV

A

Pope Boniface was humiliated because Philip ignored papal bulls
Boniface died after being unsuccessfully kidnapped by France

196
Q

What occurred in the Babylonian captivity?

A

Philip convinced cardinals to chooser a french pope (Clement V
Clement moved to Avignon, France, with his court

197
Q

What happened in the great western schism?

A

Urban IV was elected Pope in Rome
CLement VII was elected Pope in France
the church sent a 3rd pope
the council of constance removed all 3 and put in Martin V

198
Q

Why did the feudal system collapse?

A

the peasants demanded wages during the Black Death

199
Q

Why was the 100 years’ war fought

A

france and england fighting over land

200
Q

2 new weapons of the 100 years’ war

A

longbow

cannon

201
Q

What grew in both countries in the 100 years’ war

A

nationalism

202
Q

what happened with joan of arc besides her victory?

A

led charles vii to be crowned french king

captured by the british and burned at the stake as a heretic

203
Q

names of constantinople

A

new rome
byzantium
istanbul

204
Q

What did Francis do?

A

began an order of friars

World History (14 decks)

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