Spring Final Flashcards
0
Q
3 vows taken by a monk
A
chastity
obedience
poverty
1
Q
5 pillars of Islam
A
- faith in the one god Allah and his prophet Mohammed
- alms to the needy
- fasting during sunlight hours of Ramadan
- pilgrimage to Mecca at least once in a lifetime
- prayer five times daily
2
Q
three major characteristics of the ideal Renaissance man
A
artist
scholar
athlete
3
Q
3 main ideas behind Luther’s teachings
A
justification by faith alone, not works
Bible is the only authority (Scripture, not traditions)
priesthood of all believers (access through Christ alone, not priests)
4
Q
5 tenets of Calvinism
A
total depravity unconditional election limited atonement irresistible grace perseverance of the saints
5
Q
the eastern church became known as the ________ church
A
orthodox
6
Q
___ preserved the knowledge of Ancient Greece and Rome in the early Middle Ages by copying manuscripts
A
monasteries
7
Q
Renaissance literally means (or is translated) ______
A
rebirth
8
Q
became a missionary to the Irish after being enslaved in Ireland as a youth
A
Patrick
9
Q
the founder of the Muslim faith and the prophet of Allah
A
Mohammed
10
Q
created a rule for monastic life
A
Benedict
11
Q
defeated Muslim invaders at Tours and ended the Muslim march through Spain
A
Charles Martel
12
Q
the Muslim “struggle for the faith” often translated holy war
A
jihad
13
Q
organized the Frankish land into countries and revived learning and literacy
crowned Holy Roman Emperor in 800 AD
A
Charlemagne
14
Q
“The Conqueror”
won the Battle of Hastings to win the English crown
distributed the lands he won to his Norman supporters and to the church
A
William I
15
Q
wrote SUMMA THEOLOGICA in an attempt to ground the Christian faith in Aristotelian logic
A
Thomas Aquinas
16
Q
an association of people who worked at the same occupation
A
guild
17
Q
a gathering of scholars dedicated to passing on knowledge
began in Europe in the 1100s
A
university
18
Q
the practice of buying and selling church offices
A
Simony
19
Q
a ceremony performed by a feudal lord or king which granted an individual a church office
A
lay investiture
20
Q
Renaissance scholars who studied the art and literature of Ancient Greece and Rome
A
Humanists
21
Q
the Italian who crafted a poetic form known as the sonnet
climbed Mount Ventoux for pleasure
A
Francisco Petrarch
22
Q
the Italian sculptor who may be best known for his painting in the Sistine Chapel “The Last Judgment”
A
Michelangelo
23
Q
controlled the politics of Florence through its support of the arts and public works
A
Medici family
24
wrote THE DIVINE COMEDY in the vernacular - Italian
Dante Alighieri
25
the Italian artist painted frescoes with lifelike figures
Giotto di Bondone
26
the ideal Renaissance man
| an inventor, an artist, and a scientist who kept numerous notebooks filled with thoughts and sketches
Leonardo DaVinci
27
wrote THE PRINCE to advise rulers on how to retain political power
Niccolo Machiavelli
28
opened a school for navigators in Portugal and sponsored voyages along the west coast of Africa
Prince Henry
29
the first European to reach the southern tip of Africa, which his king named "Cape of Good Hope"
Bartholomeu Dias
30
led the first expedition to sail around Africa to India, giving Portugal a sea route to the East
Vasco de Gama
31
attempted to sail west to reach the Far East
| on his first voyage he first landed on San Salvador and claimed it for Spain
Christopher Columbus
32
crossed what is now Panama to claim the Pacific Ocean for Spain
Vasco Nunez de Balboa
33
led the first voyage around the world in 1519
| killed in the Philippines
Ferdinand Magellan
34
became the second man to circumnavigate the globe
| English sailor
Francis Drake
35
explored North America for the English and the Dutch
Henry Hudson
36
the "morning star" of the Protestant Reformation
| an English cleric who called on the church to give up her earthly possessions
John Wycliffe
37
a Bohemian priest who preached against the immorality of the church
was tried for heresy and burned at the stake in 1412
Jan Hus
38
The Reformation began in the area known today as _____
Germany
39
the Christian humanist from Holland who wrote IN PRAISE OF FOLLY and also prepared the first printing of the Greek New Testament
Desiderius Erasmus
40
the Christian humanist from England who wrote UTOPIA and was later executed by the king
Thomas More
41
the greatest English playwright of all time
William Shakespeare
42
credited with inventing the moveable-type printing press
Johannes Gutenberg
43
a letter which provides forgiveness for certain sins
indulgence
44
considered the beginning of the Reformation
the nailing of the 95 Theses on the church door at Wittenburg
45
Martin Luther was protesting the sale of indulgences by the friar -----
Johan Tetzel
46
the key concept in Luther's theology is _____
justification by faith
47
The leader of the Swiss Reformation in Zurich was _____
Ulrich Zwingli
48
the nature of the _____ separated the Lutheran and the Swiss Reformations at the Marburg Colloquy
Eucharist
49
broke with the Catholic Church to form the Church of England primarily in order to divorce Catherine of Aragon
Henry VIII
50
In 1533 Henry secretly married ____ who later gave birth to another daughter, Elizabeth
Anne Boleyn
51
John Calvin wrote _______, a book which became very influential in Protestant thinking
Institutes of the Christian Religion
52
the doctrine that, since the beginning of time, God has called the "elect" to salvation
Predestination
53
a government controlled by church leaders
theocracy
54
the Holy Roman Emperor who issued the Edict of Worms but could not capture Luther
Charles V
55
studied theology under Calvin
| later returned to Scotland and led the Presbyterian church
John Knox
56
founded the Jesuit order in 1534 and established missions, schools, and universities around the world
Ignatius of Loyola
57
the global exchange of plants, animals, and disease between the Eastern and Western Hemispheres
Columbian Exchange
58
investors buy shares of stock in order to share the profits
joint-stock company
59
Spanish officials who ruled over a large colonial area in the king's name
viceroys
60
conquered the Aztecs of central Mexico
Hernando Cortes
61
conquered the Incas of Peru
Francisco Pizarro
62
the ruler of the Aztecs
Moctezuma
63
a priest who objected to the treatment of Native Americans by the Spanish government
Bartolome de las Casas
64
first postulated the heliocentric theory in ON THE REVOLUTIONS OF THE HEAVENLY SPHERES
Nicholas Copernicus
65
formulated the three laws of planetary motion
Johannes Kepler
66
built a telescope and wrote THE STARRY MESSENGER to support the heliocentric theory
later forced to recant
Galileo Galilei
67
published ON THE WORKINGS OF THE HUMAN BODY
Andreas Vesalius
68
a French philosopher who argued that everything should be doubted until it could be proven by reason
Rene Descartes
69
demonstrated that the heart acts as a pump to circulate blood
William Harvey
70
the Catholic teaching that the bread of the Eucharist is transformed into Jesus' body
transubstantiation
71
refused to fight against its persecutors
Radical Reformers or Anabaptists
72
The Peace of Augsburg recognized the existence of the _____ Church within formerly Catholic lands
Lutheran
73
became known as the Episcopalian Church in the US
Anglican Church
74
began in Zurich and Geneva
| led to the Presbyterian church in Scotland and the US
the Reformed Church
75
the Radical Reformers baptized only ______
| they believed in a complete _______ of church and state
believers
| separation
76
the first to be called "Protestants"
the Lutheran movement
77
3 motivations for exploring the New World
gold
God
glory
78
the 3 estates in pre-Revolutionary France
clergy
nobility
commoners - bourgeoise, peasants
79
5 characteristics of the Enlightenment
```
reason
nature - orderly
happiness
progress
liberty
```
80
slogan of the American Revolution
no taxation without representation
81
slogan of the French Revolution
liberty, equality, fraternity
82
Which revolution wanted to destroy society?
French
83
Which revolution wished to reform society?
American
84
Which revolution was based on Christian foundations?
American
85
which revolution was avowedly atheistic?
French
86
Which revolution was utopian and believed in the perfectibility of humans?
France
87
Which revolution believed humans were prone to evil?
American
88
Which revolution gave rise to even further violence?
French
89
Which revolution quickly established a stable government?
American
90
the Catholic ruler of Spain who attempted to defeat both the Muslim Ottoman Turks and the English and Dutch Protestants in battle
Philip II
91
wrote DON QUIXOTE DE LA MANCHA in order to ridicule the medieval ideal of chivalry
Miguel de Cervantes
92
made England the greatest naval power in the world and won popular support for Elizabeth
the defeat of the Spanish Armada
93
ruled France through her sons
| ordered the St. Bartholomew Day Massacre of French Protestants
Catherine de Medici
94
became a Catholic in order to rule France
Paris is worth a mass
Issued the Edict of Nantes guaranteeing French Protestants the right to construct a building for worship in every city except Paris
Henry IV
95
placed great emphasis on reason using mathematics and logic to prove basic truths
I think, therefore I am
Rene Descartes
96
led England in the via media for 46 years
Elizabeth 1
97
plotted against her cousin, the English queen, and was later beheaded
Mary Stuart Queen of Scots
98
perhaps the greatest author of all time
| wrote such works as HAMLET, OTHELLO, and ROMEO AND JULIET
William Shakespeare
99
wrote LEVIATHAN
| believed that, because humans were naturally evil, an absolute monarchy was the best form of government
Thomas Hobbes
100
wrote two TREATISES ON GOVERNMENT to explain in what circumstances individuals might be justified in rebelling against their government
believed government must provide a framework which guaranteed one's life, liberty, and property
John Locke
101
bold English pirates who raided Spanish shipping
sea dogs
102
the English noblemen who remained loyal to Charles I during the English Civil War
Cavaliers/Royalists
103
the Puritan supporters of the Parliament during the English Civil War
Roundheads
104
French Calvinists
Hugenots
105
the theory that royal power came from God
divine right of kings
106
an unwritten agreement between government and human society to maintain peace, safety, and order by giving up certain rights
social contract
107
an economic system which operates without governmental interference
laissez-faire
108
a forced transfer of military or political power
coup d-etat
109
the first Stuart king of England and a vocal proponent of divine right
directed an English translation of the Bible
James I
110
led the royal forces during the English Civil War
| later captured, tried, found guilty of treason, and beheaded
Charles I
111
led the forces who were loyal to the Parliament during the English Civil War
named Lord Protector of the Commonwealth
Oliver Cromwell
112
the "Merry Monarch" who led England during the Restoration
| secretly received funds from Louis XIV of France
Charles II
113
the king of England for only three years
| after the birth of his son, he was forced to flee to France
James II
114
enthroned by the Glorious Revolution
| in order to rule as sovereigns, they signed a Bill of Rights guaranteeing the English people certain rights
William and Mary
115
the "terrible" who killed thousands in Novgorod and eventually killed his own son
Ivan IV
116
the first Czar to travel in Western Europe
| worked to westernize Russia
Peter I the Great
117
led the nation of Prussia during this time
Hohenzollerns family
118
led the nation of Austria-Hungary
Hapsburg family
119
the king of Prussia who assumed the title "first servant" but refused to end serfdom or torture
Frederick II
120
the princess made queen of Austria-Hungary by the Pragmatic Sanction
was attacked by Prussia
Maria Theresa
121
in order to pay for the French and Indian war, the British decided to
tax the American colonies
122
the location of the "shot heard 'round the world" which began the American Revolution
Lexington
123
this American victory allowed Benjamin Franklin to gain help from the French
Saratoga
124
the victory at ______ over Lord Cornwallis ended the American Revolution
Yorktown
125
penned the US Declaration of Independence
Thomas Jefferson
126
the first written plan of government for the United States
Articles of Confederation
127
became known as the Sun King
| became king at age 5
Louis XIV
128
the home to French kings during the 1700s
Versailles
129
the greatest Baroque composer
| wrote fugues, counterpoint, etc. to the glory of God
J. S. Bach
130
mocked French society and culture in plays, poetry, novels, essays, over 20,000 letters and over 2000 books and pamphlets
Voltaire
131
believed that society corrupted people
wrote THE SOCIAL CONTRACT
Man is born free, but everywhere is in chains
Jean Jacques Rousseau
132
led the National Assembly (and the Committee of Public Safety) during the Reign of Terror
Maximilian Robespierre
133
brought together astronomy, physics, and mathematics
| wrote MATHEMATICAL PRINCIPLES OF NATURAL PHILOSOPHY
Isaac Newton
134
used reason to analyze economic systems in his 1776 book WEALTH OF NATIONS
Adam Smith
135
the French philosophe who wrote THE ENCYCLOPEDIA
Denis Diderot
136
believed that without an all-powerful government to restrain evil, life would be "solitary, poor, nasty, brutish, and short"
Thomas Hobbes
137
a powerful symbol of the French Revolution on July 14, 1789
the fall of the Bastille
138
the third estate's vow to continue to meet until they had created a constitution
the Tennis Court Oath
139
a set of revolutionary ideas adopted by the French National Assembly in 1789
the Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen
140
the radicals' attempt to maintain control of the French Revolution through a series of accusations, trials, and executions coordinated by the Committee of Public Safety
Reign of Terror
141
When Napoleon was crowned Emperor of France, who placed the crown on his head?
himself
142
Napoleon's attempt to destroy Britain's economy through a naval blockade
the Continental System
143
In 1812 Napoleon invaded Russia, but the Russians' _____ and ____ resulted in his defeat
scorched earth policy
| freezing temperatures
144
Napoleon was finally defeated at the ______ after his escape from his first exile and the "Hundred Days"
Battle of Waterloo
145
3 factors of production
labor
capital
land
146
5 characteristics of the Romantic movement
```
emphasis on passion, emotion
focus on the individual
love of untamed nature
emphasis on the supernatural and grotesque
celebration of the past
```
147
when landowners purchased additional land and fenced it, throwing small farmers off their land
enclosure movement
148
a work stoppage used to force employers to raise wages and improve working conditions
strike
149
the belief that government or society should control major industries for the good of all the people
socialism
150
the belief that government should won all means of production and control all economic planning
communism
151
a rebellion against the machines that were harmful to the commonality
Luddite movement
152
someone who risks his money to start a new business planning to make profits
entrepreneur
153
an organization formed to represent the interests of workers
labor union
154
invented the cotton gin
Eli Whitney
155
the Scottish instrument maker who developed an improved steam engine in 1712
James Watt
156
built the CLERMONT, a steamship which operated on the Hudson River between New York City and Albany
Robert Fulton
157
wrote DAS KAPITAL to propound "scientific socialism" which would inevitably take the form of a revoltuion
Karl Marx
158
disproved the idea of spontaneous generation and demonstrated the link between microbes and disease
Louis Pasteur
159
demonstrated that light acts simultaneously as a wave and as a particle
developed a special theory of relativity
Albert Einstein
160
invented the telephone in 1876
Alexander Graham Bell
161
credited with inventing the telegraph in 1837
Samuel Morse
162
developed the first usable and practical electric light bulb
| he also invented the phonograph
Thomas Edison
163
built a line of affordable vehicles called the Model T by using the assembly line
Henry Ford
164
used dogs to study conditioned reflexes
Ivan Pavlov
165
Marx's primary understanding of history was
a continuing struggle between classes
166
published ON THE ORIGIN OF SPECIES to explain his theory of evolution
Charles Darwin
167
began the study of psychoanalysis
Sigmund Freud
168
an artistic movement which sought to capture the "general sense" of a scene rather than the exact reproduction through light, vivid color, and motion
Impressionism
169
what part of the psyche is on top, and what is it about?
super-ego
subconscious rules and values
I shouldn't
170
what part of the psyche is on the inside
ego
our conscious thinking selves
I am
171
what part of the psyche is on the bottom?
id
our subconscious desires and urges
I want
172
led to mass starvation in Ireland in the mid 1800s
a blight on the potato crop
173
falsely accused and convicted in 1894 of giving French military secrets to Germany
finally cleared in 1906
Alfred Dreyfuss
174
declared the Americas off-limits to further European colonization in 1823
The Monroe Doctrine
175
the belief that the US should settle land from the Atlantic to the Pacific oceans
Manifest destiny
176
Otto von Bismarck's political philosophy to bring about German unification through practical rather than idealistic actions
realpolitick
177
Bismark argued that _____ would win Germany, not ---
blood and iron
| speeches and ballots
178
in 1871 Wilhelm I was proclaimed the first ___ of Germany
kaiser
179
the Compromise of 1867, the Bitter Compromise, created the ______ of Austria-Hungary
Dual Monarchy
180
the conflict on the coast of the Black Sea between Russia and the combined forces of Great Britain, France, the Ottoman Empire, and Sardinia
the Crimean War
181
the Ottoman Empire lost territory in the ____ during the 1800s and early 1900s
difficult terrain and diverse ethnic groups made it a difficult area to unite
Balkans
182
the attack on Father Gapon and a group of protestors outside the Winter Palace by Russian troops
Bloody Sunday
183
the process by which one nation or people could control another
Imperialism
184
the nation of India was primarily controlled by who during the 1800s?
Great Britain
185
was sparked over beef and pork fat used in rifle cartridges
The Sepoy Rebellion
186
divided into "spheres of influence" rather than colonies
China
187
this Asian nation chose to modernize and was later able to defeat Russia in war
Japan
188
an attack on western missionaries and Chinese converts to Christianity in 1899
the Boxer Rebellion
189
the term used by Rudyard Kipling to describe the responsibility of spreading Western European civilization to those less cultured than themselves
The White Man's Burden
190
the only two African nations to remain independent of European colonization during the 1800s
Liberia and Ethiopia
191
4 main causes of World War 1
militarism
alliances
imperialism
nationalism
192
4 new weapons used in World War I
airplanes
machine guns
poison guns
submarines/U-boats
193
3 results of World War 2
40 million dead
Cold War begins
US and USSR emerge as superpowers
194
information designed to influence people's opinions in order to support the war effort
propaganda
195
the area between opposing trenches
no man's land
196
the Chinese Communists' journey to find a safe place in western China
the Long March
197
the attempt by a government to control all aspects of life
totalitarianism
198
the government makes all major decisions about the production of goods in this system
centralized planning
199
the deliberate destruction of a racial, political, or cultural group
genocide
200
FDR's program to increase government spending and to create new laws regulating the stock market and banking system
the New Deal
201
a system of labor camps in Siberia
gulag
202
a totalitarian system based on extreme nationalism
| founded by Benito Mussolini
Fascism
203
giving in to aggressive demands in order to maintain peace
appeasement
204
the "powder keg" with the most visible power struggle during the early 1900s
the Balkans
205
the spark which set off World War I
the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand
206
After Austria-Hungary declared war on Serbia, who began mobilizing to support Serbia in case of attack?
Russia
207
the Schlieffen plan called for Germany to
attack France quickly through Belgium
208
Germany's quick sweep toward France led who to enter the war?
Great Britain
209
saved the city of Paris and halted the German advance in France
the Marne
210
died from violence and starvation in the spring of 1915 when Ottoman leaders began removing them from the Caucasus mountain region, claiming that they were assisting the Russian invaders
600,000 Armenians
211
caused public opinion in the US in May 1915 to turn against Germany
the sinking of the Lusitania
212
a secret message from Germany promising that if Mexico attacked the US, Germany would see that Mexico got back part of the land she lost in the Mexican War
the Zimmerman Note
213
ended WWI
the Treaty of Versailles
214
The French leader in WWI
Georges Clemenceau
215
Clemenceau's goal
buffer zone between Germany and France
216
The British leader in WWI
David Lloyd George
217
George's goal in WWI
German Navy destroyed
218
US's leader in WWI
Woodrow Wilson
219
Wilson's goal in WWI
League of Nations and the 14 points
220
a self proclaimed holy man and healer who became Czarina Alexandra's personal advisor
Gregory Rasputin
221
appointed by the Duma to lead Russia's provisional government in February 1917
Alexander Kerensky
222
the leader of the Bolshevik party during the early twentieth century and is considered the father of the Russian Revolution
Vladimir Lenin
223
re-elected president of the US in 1916 on the slogan "he kept us out of war"
Woodrow Wilson
224
led the Chinese Communist Party during the Chinese Civil War
Mao Zedong
225
the Indian leader who practiced non-violence toward living things and civil disobedience to injustice
Mohandas Ghandi
226
the US president who favored a minimal government response to the Great Depression
Herbert Hoover
227
"March on Rome" brought him to power in 1922
| later known as Il Duce
Benito Mussolini
228
replaced Lenin as Soviet leader in 1924,
| Great Purge eliminated thousands of enemies
Joseph Stalin
229
the charismatic leader who became German chancellor in 1933
| became known as the Fuhrer
Adolph Hitler
230
Japan attempted to justify her invasion of _____ in 1931 by blowing up a section of Japanese railway and blaming China for it
Manchuria
231
Italian forces invaded the African nation of ____ in 1935
Ethiopia
232
died when Stalin refused to send food during a famine in 1932
millions of Ukrainians
233
while in prison for an unsuccessful coup attempt, Hitler wrote
Mein Kampf
| My Struggle
234
After annexing Austria, Hitler met with French and British leaders at ________ and they all agreed to allow Germany to annex part of the nation of ______
Munich
| Czechoslovakia
235
British prime minister who believed that this agreement with Hitler would create "peace in our time"
Neville Chamberlain
236
the division of ____ between Germany and the Soviet Union was a secret section of the Nazi-Soviet Non-Aggression Pact
Poland
237
German forces relied on an attack known as the ____ to create panic and quickly overwhelm resistance
blitzkrieg
238
some 300,000 Allied troops were rescued in the evacuation of
Dunkirk
239
Hitler established special camps in the nation of _____ for the primary purpose of killing large numbers of Jews and destroying their bodies
Poland
240
became the new prime minister of Great Britain saying he could bring nothing but blood toil, tears, sweat in May 1940
Winston Churchill
241
In the Battle for Britain, the British used a new technology called
radar
242
In June 1941, Hitler sent German troops into _______ breaking his promise to Stalin
Soviet Union
243
FDR called Pearl Harbor
a day that will live in infamy
244
led a small number of American and Filipino troops in a doomed defense of the Philippines
Douglas MacArthur
245
the Allied strategy of skipping Japanese strongholds and capturing weaker targets to use as bases for further attacks
Island hopping
246
Japanese pilots who loaded their planes with explosives and deliberately crashed into Allied ships
kamikazes
247
The Allied invasion of France on the beaches of Normandy
D-Day
248
the first to reach Berlin where they discovered that Hitler had taken his own life
the Soviet Union
249
decided to drop the atomic bomb on Japanese cities in hopes that it would force Japan to surrender
Harry Truman
250
the site of the first atomic bomb dropped in a war setting
Hiroshima
251
brought more than 200 former Nazis and military leaders to justice for roles in war crimes
Nuremberg Trials
252
the struggle between communism and capitalist democracy that began shortly after the end of WWII
Cold War
253
Winston Churchill used the image of a ___ to describe the sharp division between Eastern and Western Europe that resulted from Soviet actions
iron curtain
254
The West followed a Cold War policy known as ____ that involved resisting Soviet aggression to limit the spread of communism
containment
255
supplied the former German capital with food and fuel in response to a Soviet blockade
Berlin airlift
256
responded with troops assembled from seventeen different nations in June 1950 when North Korea invaded South Korea
United Nations
257
However the success of the UN offensive brought in forces from ____ to aid the North Koreans
China
258
In October 1957 the Soviets launched the ______, history's first artificial satellite
Sputnik
259
this invasion of Cuba in April 1961 failed to topple the government of Fidel Castro and reflected badly on the US government
Bay of Pigs
260
In 1962, __ brought the Soviet Union and the US to the brink of nuclear war
the Cuban Missile Crisis
261
sought to "de-Stalinize" the Soviet Union, loosening some of the more drastic economic and political restrictions
Nikita Khrushchev
262
Mikhail Gorbachev, the Soviet leader from 1985-1991, began an era of ______ , the willingness to discuss Soviet problems openly
glastnost
263
In November 1989 Germans spontaneously began tearing down the
Berlin Wall
264
The Islamist terrorist organization______ launched an attack on the World Trade Center and the US Pentagon on September 11, 2001
al Qaeda
265
an Islamist terrorist group governing Afghanistan
Taliban
266
2 new nations - Hindu _____ and East and West ______ for Muslims
were created in 1947 by Great Britain
India
| Pakistan
267
a Catholic nun founded the Missionaries of Charity in Kolkata (Calcutta)
Mother Theresa
268
the French lost control of Vietnam at the battle of
Dien Bien Phu
269
the Communist leader of the Vietminh, ______ received assistance from both China and the Soviet Union
Ho Chi Minh
270
postulated that if one nation such as Vietnam fell to communism, other nations would quickly follow
domino theory
271
QUOTATIONS FROM CHAIRMAN MAO, also known as ______, was a collection of Mao Zedong's writings which became the Chinese Commnists' Bible
Little Red Book
272
Mao's program to create a society in which peasants and physical labor were the ideal
as a result, teachers, skilled workers, and artists were tortured
Cultural Revolution
273
ended the pro-democracy protest in the spring of 1989
the Tiananmen Square Massacre
274
the Chinese Guomindang (Nationalist) party moved to the island of ______ after the civil war
Taiwan
