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Enlightenment and Revolutions Flashcards

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0
Q

a ruler whose power was not limited by having to consult with others

A

absolute monarch

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1
Q

3 motivations for the exploration of the New World

A

gold
God
glory

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2
Q

the idea that monarchs received their power from God and therefore must not be challenged

A

Divine right of kings

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3
Q

became the Holy Roman Emperor in 1519 and used his power to confront the growing Protestant movement in Europe

A

Charles V

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4
Q

gave each German prince the right to decide whether his state would be Catholic or Protestant

A

Peace of Augsburg

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5
Q

became a respected Spanish religious artist even though he was not born in Spain

A

El Greco

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6
Q

wrote DON QUIXOTE DE LA MANCHA in order to ridicule the medieval idea of chivalry

A

Miguel de Cervantes

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7
Q

the Catholic ruler of Spain and leader of the Counter-Reformation who fought English and Dutch protestants in battle

A

Philip II

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8
Q

The Spanish Duke of Alba set up ___________ in the Netherlands which tortured and executed thousands suspected of rebellion

A

Court of Blood

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9
Q

led the Low Countries in their rebellion against the Spanish king
honored as the father of the Dutch country

A

William I of Orange “The Silent”

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10
Q

bold English pirates who raided Spanish shipping

A

sea dogs

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11
Q

this event in 1588 made England the greatest naval power in the world and won popular support for the English queen

A

the defeat of the Spanish Armada

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12
Q

ruled France through her sons

A

Catherine de Medici

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13
Q

What did Catherine de Medici do in 1572?

A

ordered the St. Bartholomew’s Day Massacre to rid Paris of French Calvanists

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14
Q

French Calvanists

A

Huguenots

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15
Q

became a Catholic in order to rule France

“Paris is worth a mass”

A

Henry IV

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16
Q

the French king declared in this that Huguenots could hold office and rule 200 towns in which they had majority

A

Edict of Nantes

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17
Q

the advisor to Louis XIII who solidified his power by suppressing dissent and entering the 30 Years’ War

A

Cardinal Richelieu

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18
Q

the Sun King of France who began his rule at the age of 5

A

Louis XIV

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19
Q

Where the Sun King’s royal palace was built - a village which became a home for French kings during the 1700s

A

Versailles

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20
Q

The Sun King’s minister of Finance

A

Jean Baptiste Colbert

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21
Q

top of the 3rd estate

A

bourgeoisie - city merchants, factory owners, professionals

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22
Q

bottom of 3rd estate

A

peasants

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23
Q

sans culottes

A

city workers

without knee breeches

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24
Q

3 causes of the French Revolution

A

Inequalities in Society
Enlightenment ideas
Financial crisis

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25
Q

led England in the via media for 46 years

A

Elizabeth

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26
Q

plotted against her cousin the queen of England and was beheaded

A

Mary Stuart

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27
Q

the 1st of the Stuart kings and a vocal proponent of divine right directed an English translation of the Bible

A

James I

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28
Q

Calvinists who demanded that the Church of England be further reformed by eliminating practices that were too Catholic

A

Puritans

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29
Q

led the royal forces during the English Civil War - was captured and beheaded

A

Charles I

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30
Q

Englishmen who remained loyal to the king during the English Civil War

A

Cavaliers/Royalists

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31
Q

Puritan supporters of the Parliament during the English civil war

A

Roundheads

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32
Q

led the forces who were loyal to the Parliament - became Lord Protector in the commonwealth

A

Oliver Cromwell

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33
Q

wrote LEVIATHAN

believed that, because humans were naturally evil, an absolute monarchy was the best form of gov’t

A

Thomas Hobbes

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34
Q

The “Merry Monarch” who led England during the Restoration - secretly receiving loans from France

A

Charles II

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35
Q

king of England who fled to France after the birth of his son

A

James II

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36
Q

enthroned by the Glorious Revolution

A

William and Mary

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37
Q

William and Mary signed what and why

A

Bill of Rights

guaranteeing certain rights

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38
Q

a monarchy limited by the law

A

constitutional monarchy

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39
Q

wrote two TREATISES ON GOV’T to explain in what circumstances individuals might be justified in rebelling against their government

A

John Locke

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40
Q

the landowners that ruled Russia in the 1500s

A

boyars

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41
Q

a prince of Russia claimed what title in 1546

A

czar/caesar

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42
Q

descended into madness in the 1560s, killing thousands of people in Novgorod and eventually killing his own son

A

Ivan IV the Terrible

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43
Q

began the westernization of Russia, focusing on building up industry, starting newspapers, and sponsoring education

A

Peter I the Great

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44
Q

this new capital was built in the early 1700s on a warm water port won from Sweden

A

St. Petersburg

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45
Q

seized power from her husband and was declared czarina of Russia
tried to enact Enlightenment ideas such as individual freedom, but wars and internal rebellions forced her to strengthen her authority

A

Catherine The Great

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46
Q

ruled the Holy Roman Empire since the 1450s

A

Hapsburg family

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47
Q

began as a religious dispute in Prague

A

30 Years’ War

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48
Q

Why did Spain enter the 30 years’ war

A

to support Ferdinand, the Holy Roman Emperor

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49
Q

who joined the Protestant opposition when encouraged by Catholic Cardinal Richelieu

A

the king of France

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50
Q

what ended the 30 years’ war

A

the treaty of westphalia

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51
Q

who ruled Austria

A

the Hapsburg family

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52
Q

who ruled Prussia

A

the Hohenzollern family

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53
Q

allowed the title of Holy Roman Emperor to pass to his daughter Maria Theresa

A

Pragmatic Sanction

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54
Q

What did Frederick II the Great do in response to the Pragmatic Sanction

A

seized Silesia from Austria and began the War of Austrian Succession

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55
Q

what allowed England to take possession of Canada

A

the 7 years’ war/french and indian war

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56
Q

emerged from the 30 years’ war as the strongest military power in Europe

A

Prussia

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62
Q

the belief that the earth revolved around the sun

A

heliocentric theory

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63
Q

wrote ON THE REVOLUTIONS OF THE HEAVENLY SPHERES which used physics, astronomy, and mathematics to explain the function of the solar system

A

Nicolaus Copernicus

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64
Q

formulated the 3 laws of planetary motion from Tycho Brahe’s observations, proving that Copernicus’ observations were correct

A

Johannes Kepler

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65
Q

built a telescope and from careful observations published a book supporting the heliocentric theory called STARRY MESSENGER
forced to recant it before the Inquisition

A

Galileo Galilei

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66
Q

published the medical book ON THE WORKINGS OF THE HUMAN BODY

A

Andreas Vesalius

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67
Q

demonstrated that the heart acts as a pump to circulate the blood

A

english doctor WIlliam Harvey

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68
Q

Dutch inventor of the microscope

A

Antony van Leeuwenhoek

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69
Q

used a microscope to observe microscopic plants

credited with formulating the word cell

A

Robert Hooke

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70
Q

described the interaction of temperature, volume, and pressure of gases in his book THE SKEPTICAL CHEMIST

A

Robert Boyle

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71
Q

the French philosopher who placed great emphasis on reason, using mathematics and logic to prove basic truths
I think therefore I am
argued that everything should be doubted until it could be proved by reason and relied on math and reason to prove basic truths

A

Rene Descartes

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72
Q

the English scientist who brought together astronomy, physics, and math
THE MATHEMATICAL PRINCIPLES OF NATURAL PHILOSOPHY laid the groundwork for calculus

A

Isaac Newton

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73
Q

the time of unbridled optimism when humans came to believe that the application of reason to human nature and society could lead to the solution of all human problems

A

The Enlightenment

Age of Reason

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74
Q

A center for the Enlightenment

A

Paris

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75
Q

primary gathering places for philosophers, scientists, artists, and writers to discuss new ideas

A

salons

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76
Q

believed that without an all-powerful government to restrain human vices, our lives would be solitary, poor, nasty, brutish, and short

A

Thomas Hobbes

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77
Q

the unwritten agreement between government and human society to maintain peace, safety, and order by giving up certain rights

A

social contract

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78
Q

believed people had natural rights to life, liberty, and property which must be protected by any legitimate government

A

John Locke

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79
Q

believed that society corrupted people

THE SOCIAL CONTRACT said man is born free but everywhere is in chains

A

Jean-Jacques Rousseau

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80
Q

praised the government of Great Britain in THE SPIRIT OF THE LAWS because he believed that its power was separated into 3 separate branches

A

Baron de Montesquieu

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81
Q

French philosophers who criticized social injustices wherever they were found

A

philosophes

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113
Q

the French social order which placed the king at the top and 3 social groups beneath him

A

ancien regime

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114
Q

king and queen during the French Revolution

A

Louis XVI and Marie-Antoinette

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115
Q

about Marie-Antoinette

A

frivolous and self-indulgent Austrian

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116
Q

1st estate - and percentage

A

Roman Catholic clergy 1%

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117
Q

2nd estate and %

A

nobility -2%

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118
Q

Francois-Marie Arouet wrote plays, poetry, novels, essays, historical and scientific works, over 20,000 letters and over 2 thousand books and pamphlets mocking French society and culture under the pen name

A

Voltaire

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119
Q

wrote a 28 volume ENCYCLOPEDIA to promote knowledge, especially of the new ideas in art, science, government, and religion

A

Denis Diderot

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120
Q

demanded in A VINDICATION OF THE RIGHTS OF WOMAN that men and women receive equal education and opportunity

A

Mary Wollstonecraft

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121
Q

used reason to analyze economic systems in his 1776 THE WEALTH OF NATIONS

A

Adam Smith

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122
Q

THE WEALTH OF NATIONS advocated ________, a system that operated without governmental interference

A

laissez-faire economics (leave alone)

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123
Q

monarchs who ruled according to Enlightenment ideas

A

Enlightened despots

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124
Q

tried to establish an elementary educational system and abolished torture in Prussia
invited Voltaire to visit Prussia to see his work

A

Frederick II

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125
Q

Why did Great Britain tax the American colonies?

A

to pay the French and Indian War debt

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126
Q

what did Parliament pass that required colonists to pay for an official seal on all newspapers, legal documents, and other public papers

A

Stamp Act

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127
Q

protested the tax on tea in an event known as the Boston Tea Party

A

Sons of Liberty

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128
Q

When did the American Revolution begin?

A

when shots were fired in Lexington (shot heard round the world)

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129
Q

written by Thomas Paine to argue that the colonies had matured to the point that they deserved independence

A

Common Sense

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130
Q

penned the Declaration of Independence, espousing Enlightenment ideals such as natural rights and Locke’s social contract theory

A

Thomas Jefferson

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131
Q

2nd continental congress elected ________ to be the commanding general of the American forces.

A

George Washington

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132
Q

The American victory at ________ was critical because it allowed Benjamin Franklin to procure support from the French king Louis XVI

A

Saratoga

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133
Q

British forces under Cornwallis surrendered where?

A

Yorktown, Virginia

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134
Q

formally recognized U.S. independence

A

Treaty of Paris

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135
Q

the first government of the United States

failed because it was too weak to govern efficiently

A

Articles of Confederation

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136
Q

played a leading role in negotiating the creation of a new government
considered the Father of the Constitution

A

James Madison

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137
Q

certain powers are held by a central government, while other powers are reserved for the state governments in this system

A

federal system

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138
Q

this branch consists of the House of Representatives and the Senate and has the power to make laws

A

legislative or Congress

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139
Q

this branch includes the president who has the power to carry out laws

A

executive

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140
Q

this branch consists of all federal courts, has the power to interpret laws

A

judicial

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141
Q

ensures that no branch of government becomes too powerful

A

system of checks and balances

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142
Q

the first 10 amendments to the Constitution guarantees natural rights advocated by Voltaire, Locke, and Rousseau

A

Bill of Rights

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143
Q

top of the 3rd estate - city-dwelling merchants, factory owners, and professionals

A

bourgeoisie

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144
Q

artisans and city workers

A

sans-culottes

without knee breeches

145
Q

bottom of the third estate

worked in the fields

A

peasants

146
Q

3 causes of the French Revolution

A

inequalities in Society
enlightenment ideas
financial crisis

147
Q

an assembly of representatives from each of the estates

called by the king

A

Estates general

148
Q

to prepare for the estates general meeting, each representative prepared _____, or notebooks listing grievances and areas of concern

A

cahiers

149
Q

the 3rd estate proclaimed themselves the ____________ with the right to make laws for France

A

National Assembly

150
Q

Third Estate’s vow to continue to meet until they had created a constitution

A

Tennis Court Oath

151
Q

a mob stormed the _____, an action which became a powerful symbol of the French Revolution

A

Bastille prison

152
Q

after the mob violence in Paris _______ spread violence across the countryside

A

a panic - Great Fear

153
Q

the National Assembly adopted the

A

DECLARATION OF THE RIGHTS OF MAN AND OF THE CITIZEN

154
Q

the slogan of the French Revolution

A

Liberty, equality, fraternity

155
Q

What 3 actions did the National Assembly take in November 1789 regarding the church?

A

seized church lands and sold them
disbanded religious orders
turned the clergy into public employees

156
Q

What did the king and queen attempt to do unsuccessfully after the completion of the new constitution?

A

flee Paris

157
Q

The Legislative Assembly declared war on

A

Austria and Prussia

158
Q

A mob marched on ______, slaughtered the guards, and took the royal family prisoner

A

Tuileries palace

159
Q

the escalating violence of the Revolution propelled the _______, those who favored extreme change, into power

A

radical faction

160
Q

the most radical members of the newly constituted National Convention who sat on the left side of the assembly hall

A

Montagnards (Mountain)

161
Q

moderates from the provinces who resented the excessive incluence of the Parisian mobs

A

Girondins

162
Q

swing voters in the National Convention

A

Plain

163
Q

a violent agitator during the first stage of the Revolution who later came to oppose its excesses

A

Georges-Jacques Danton

164
Q

a devoted revolutionist who led the National Assembly during its most blood thirsty stage

A

Maximilien Robespierre

165
Q

the king was executed by _____

A

the guillotine

166
Q

the National Convention set up ______ to manage France’s military defense and to eliminate citizens who threatened the Revolution

A

Committee of Public Safety

167
Q

Robespierre created the _______ to replace Roman Catholicism and renamed Notre Dame to ________.

A

cult of the supreme being

temple of reason

168
Q

created to replace the old system of weights and measures

A

metric system

169
Q

a new calendar containing months with _____ weeks of ____ days each was also created

A

3

10

170
Q

the radicals’ attempt to maintain control of the Revolution through a series of accusations, trials, and executions

A

Reign of Terror

171
Q

after the end of feudal dues, the _______ returned to their conservative views, remaining devoutly Catholic and opposing the Revolution’s anticlerical moves

A

peasants

172
Q

during the _____ months of terror, some _____ people were arrested and _______ were executed

A

10
300000
17000

173
Q

the national convention’s new constitution created _____ a governing board made up of 5 men

A

directory

174
Q

Napoleon freed the port of ______ from British troops

A

Toulon

175
Q

Napoleon dispersed a mob of _____ seeking to regain power in Paris

A

royalists

176
Q

Napoleon drove the Ottomans out of Egypt, but was defeated by the ________ in the Battle of the Nile

A

British navy

177
Q

a forced transfer of political or military power

A

coup d’etat

178
Q

Napoleon was named _______, the leader of a new government called the Consulate

A

1st consul

179
Q

Napoleon submitted a _______, question put before all voters, on the question of empire and was elected emperor

A

plebiscite

180
Q

Who crowned Napoleon emperor

A

himself

181
Q

Napoleon sold ______ to the United States so he could focus his attention on Europe

A

Louisiana Territory

182
Q

Through the Napoleonic Wars, ______ remained France’s greatest enemy

A

Great Britain

183
Q

French naval forces were defeated at the Battle of _________

A

Trafalgar

184
Q

French army won a devastating victory at the Battle of ________, near Vienna over combined Russian and Austrian troops

A

Austerlitz

185
Q

Napoleon’s continental system was in effect a ______ which had the unintended consequence of sparking the War of 1812 in the US

A

blokade

186
Q

The Peninsular War began with French victories, but then became a _____ war in which bands of Spanish peasants ambushed French troops and raided French camps

A

guerrilla

187
Q

Napoleon’s ________ with the Catholic Church recognized the influence of the church in France without relinquishing any power or control

A

concordat

188
Q

made laws uniform across France and eliminated many injustices
promoted order and stability over individual rights

A

Napoleonic Code

189
Q

Freedom of the press was restricted by ______ who banned certain books and newspapers

A

censors

190
Q

Napoleon’s actions in Europe helped fuel the spread of _____ not only in France but also in the peoples France conquered

A

nationalism

191
Q

Napoleon decided to invade Russia with a total of _______ men including new recruits from conquered territories

A

600000

192
Q

As the French army advanced, Russian troops and peasants ______ burning their fields as they moved

A

withdrew

193
Q

burning useful things as a military strategy

A

scorched earth policy

194
Q

the French captured ______ but found it deserted and burning

A

Moscow

195
Q

the French turned home, but _____ and ______ killed thousands

A

starvation and freezing temperatures

196
Q

only ______ french soldiers returned home

A

94000

197
Q

The French lost the battle of _______ signaling the end

A

Leipzeig

198
Q

Napoleon was exiled to the island of ____ off the coast of Italy

A

Elba

199
Q

Napoleon’s escape and return to France began the ________, a brief period of renewed glory for Napoleon (and problems for the allies)

A

Hundred Days

200
Q

Napoleon was finally defeated at the Battle of _____ in Belgium

A

Waterloo

201
Q

Napoleon was then exiled to ________ an island in the South Pacific

A

Saint Helena

202
Q

During Napoleon’s first exile, a grand meeting called the ________ and brought together some 700 diplomats to create a plan to restore order and stability in Europe

A

Congress of Vienna

203
Q

dominated the congress of vienna

A

Prince Klemens von Metternich

204
Q

Metternich wanted to restore the _______ between European nations and restore hereditary _______ to their thrones

A

balance of power

monarchies

205
Q

Leaders of the Congress also strengthened the nations near ____ by redrawing national borders

A

France

206
Q

Austria joined 38 German states to form the _________

A

German Confederation

207
Q

a payment to compensate for damages

A

an indemnity

208
Q

leaders who oppose progress and desire to return to the conditions of an earlier time

A

reactionaries

209
Q

How did the 3rd estate wish to change the voting progress?

A

the 1st and 2nd estate couldn’t outvote them

210
Q

original goal of the Spanish exploration

A

to find a shortcut to the east

211
Q

What did Charles V do?

A

became Holy Roman Emperor
fought against the protestants
forced to sign the Peace of Augsburg
supported the conquistadors

212
Q

3 conquistadors and their areas

A

Cortez in Mexico
Pizarro in Peru
Coronado in the Great South west

213
Q

results of Spanish exploration

A

Spain became the richest nation in Europe, but failed to develop trade and manufacturing

214
Q

Black Legend

A

belief that Spain exceeded other nations in cruelty to conquered peoples

215
Q

What did Bartolome de las casas do

A

banned slavery
prohibited forced labor
provided for gradual abolition of the encomienda system

216
Q

What did Philip II do?

A

gold and silver from colonies made spain wealthy

used wealth and power to establish Catholicism

217
Q

The Netherlands broke away from Spain why?

A

to establish a Protestant nation

218
Q

Who led the dutch until his assassination?

A

William I of Orange the Silent

219
Q

When did the Dutch begin creating a capitalist economy?

A

In the lull after the defeat of the Spanish Armada

220
Q

recognized Dutch independence

A

Peace of Westphalia

221
Q

What did French rulers typically support?

A

Catholicism

222
Q

2 points about Catherine de Medici

A

ruled through her sons

223
Q

What did Henry IV of Navarre do?

A

ended the civil war by converting to Catholicism

issued the edict of nantes legalizing Calvinism

224
Q

Who was Cardinal Richelieu?

A

economic advisor (prime minister) to French kings

225
Q

Richelieu’s 2 primary goals

A

centralization of power

226
Q

2 things Richelieu did

A

ordered fortified castles to be razed

led troops against the Hugenot cities, abolishing rights and protections

227
Q

Who were the Habsburgs

A

German kings who also ruled Austria and Spain

228
Q

Louis XIV’s nickname?

A

the Sun King

229
Q

Sun King’s belief about himself

A

absolute almost divine monarch

the state

230
Q

Where did the Sun King live and force his nobles to live?

A

Versailles

231
Q

What happened to the nobility during the Sun King’s reign?

A

lost touch with commoners

232
Q

What did the Sun King like?

A

opera and extravagant art

233
Q

What did Colbert do?

A

saved the economy through mercantilism

234
Q

What did the Sun King do religiously?

A

outlawed Protestantism

235
Q

Sun King politically>

A

led France into the War of Spanish Succession

236
Q

Who were the strong catholics around Elizabeth I

A

Mary Tudor and Mary Stuart

237
Q

Who were the Calvinists around Elizabeth?

A

Puritans

238
Q

What did Mary Stuart do?

A

became queen consort of france
returned to Scotland after husband’s death, was forced to abdicate
English Catholics tried to get her to replace Elizabeth
Elizabeth put her in prison for 18 years, then had her beheaded

239
Q

How did Elizabeth gain support?

A

Victory over Spanish Armada

240
Q

the defeat of the Spanish Armada

A

Philip II attacked in response to Mary’s execution, the knighting of Francis Drake, and British support of the Netherlands
50 out of 130 Spanish ships are lost

241
Q

Elizabeth’s financial problems

A

taxes couldn’t compete with Spain in conquering the new world
permitted joint-stock companies to be made

242
Q

About James I (James IV of Scotland)

A 
son of Mary Stuart
advocated divine right of kings
survived gunpowder plot
constantly short of $ and at odds with Parliament
authorized KJV
243
Q

About Charles I

A

advocated divine right
forced to limit power by THE PETITION OF RIGHTS
conflict with Parliament - dismissing it and bring it back when short on money
arrested members of Parliament
executed

244
Q

who supported the king

A

cavaliers/royalists

245
Q

who supported Parliament

A

roundheads

246
Q

Who led the new model army to victory?

A

oliver cromwell

247
Q

What title did Cromwell receive over the commonwealth

A

Lord Protector

248
Q

Oliver Cromwell helped write…

A

first written constitution of a major European nation

249
Q

Why was Cromwell unpopular?

A

forbade fun

brutal conquest of Ireland

250
Q

What was Charles II known as and why?

A

Merry Monarch - restored theater and stuff, helped with Great Fire and Great Plague

251
Q

What did Parliament force Charles II to sign?

A

Habeas Corpus to limit his power

252
Q

Why did Charles II sign a secret treaty with Louis XIV of France?

A

Parliament refused to give him funds

253
Q

James II

A

became king after brother’s death
Catholic with 2 Protestant daughters
created an army, alarming many
Declaration of Indulgence angered Anglicans
Had a son by 2nd wife - refused French aid, lost support and fled to France

254
Q

What is the glorious revolution?

A

William and Marhy

255
Q

Who were Mary and William?

A

James II oldest daughter and her husband

256
Q

William and Mary are invited in, and agree to…

A

reign according to Parliament

follow British laws and customs and an English Bill of Rights

257
Q

Ivan IV the Terrible

A

oprichniki killed lots of boyars (landowners)
Ivan killed and tortured citizens of Novgorod
killed own son in anger, leaving no heir

258
Q

Conditions in Russia during Peter the Great

A

agricultural
dependent on serfs
isolated from European culture

259
Q

Personality of Peter the Great

A 
tall
strong
intelligent
well educated
had a bad temper
260
Q

Peter’s accomplishments

A

toured Europe and learned its culture

261
Q

Ways Peter modernized Russia

A

raised the status of women
adopted the European calendar
introduced new crops
built factories

262
Q

Catherine the Great

A

attempted to be an enlightened despot, but internal wars and foreign rebellions forced her to restrict freedoms - continued serfdom
led in the partition of Poland

263
Q

Why was Europe unstable in the 1700s?

A

few natural barriers
no middle class
weak governments

264
Q

What was Poland like?

A

divided between a few nobles

265
Q

what happened to the Ottoman Empire

A

decaying

266
Q

Holy Empire was made up of

A

300 independent states

267
Q

What did the Habsburgs rule?

A

a polyglot state made up of Austria, Bohemia, Hungary, and some small German states

268
Q

What did Charles VI do?

A

worked out a pragmatic sanction so his daughter Maria Theresa could rule

269
Q

What did Frederick William I do?

A

built a military state

270
Q

What did Frederick II do?

A

ignored the pragmatic sanction and invaded Austria

271
Q

Who invades Austria in the War of Austrian Succession?

A

France, Spain, and some Germanic states

272
Q

Who is on Austria’s side in the Austrian Succession?

A

Great Britain and Hungary

273
Q

Result of the War of Austrian Succession?

A

Austria not overrun, but lost Silesia

274
Q

Why was the 7 Years’ War fought?

A

for Austria to regain Silesia

275
Q

Who helped Austria?

A

France

276
Q

Who was against Austria in the French and Indian War?

A

Great Britain and Prussia

277
Q

Result of 7 Years’ War?

A

Austria gained nothing

France lost canada and much of her Indian colonies

278
Q

Characteristics of the enlightenment with explanation?

A

reason - not authority
nature - whatever is natural is right
happiness - a well lived life leads to happiness
progress - life is getting better and better
liberty - freedom from all irrational constraints

279
Q

Impacts of the Enlightenment

A

exalted reason, devalued faith
freedom became the greatest good, separating individuals from relationship
focus was placed on remaking political and social structures to improve the human’s condition, not on man’s need for God

280
Q

What sort of government did the British have around the American Revolution?

A

constitutional monarchy

281
Q

What did the British cabinet do?

A

advise the hanover king

282
Q

What did the prime minister lead?

A

the cabinet and Parliament

283
Q

What was the British empire like after the 7 years’ war?

A

spread across the colonies

284
Q

What was the colonists’ response to taxes that became the American slogan?

A

No taxation without representation

285
Q

4 events that led to the American revolution

A

Stamp Act
Boston Massacre
Boston Tea Party
Battle of Lexington and Concord

286
Q

5 reasons America won the war

A

strong motivation - fighting for their homes
guerrilla tactics
commitment - British wanted peace soon
military leadership - charismatic Washington
aid of the French and others

287
Q

4 points of the American constitution

A

separation of powers
checks and balances
federalism
bill of rights

288
Q

What did the French king do after the 3rd estate broke off?

A

brought troops into paris

289
Q

What does the assembly do?

A

ends feudalism

290
Q

What does the Committee of Public Safety say they are doing?

A

creating a new reality

291
Q

What did Robespierre seek to do?

A

quell civil war

purify the nation

292
Q

Under Robespierre…

A

cultural changes

thousands executed in sham trials

293
Q

Why was Robespierre beheaded?

A

the National Assembly felt threatened

294
Q

What happened to the Directory?

A

weakness and corruption led to a power vacuum

295
Q

Where was Napoleon from?

A

Corsica

296
Q

What did the Napoleonic Wars win for France?

A

Europe

297
Q

What did the Continental system fail to do?

A

isolate Great Britain

298
Q

What did the Peninsular War do?

A

lock France into guerrilla war

299
Q

How did Napoleon find rulers for all his captured nations?

A

used relatives

300
Q

What did Napoleon leave behind?

A

economic stability
legal reforms
expanded education
nationalism

301
Q

Napoleon’s legal reforms

A

equality before the law

representative government

302
Q

Another term for Congress of Vienna

A

Concert of Europe

303
Q

What did the Congress of Vienna do?

A

brought European nations together to reconstruct Europe

304
Q

Who came to represent France?

A

Tallyrand

305
Q

2 results of the congress of vienna

A

redrawn map of Europe

stability

World History (14 decks)

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