Romanticism .... Flashcards
0
Q
Scottish instrument maker who developed an improved steam engine in 1712
A
James Watt
1
Q
credited with inventing the telegraph in 1837
A
Samuel Morse
2
Q
demonstrated that light acts as a wave and as a particle; also developed a special theory of relativity
A
Albert Einstein
3
Q
invented the telephone in 1876
A
Alexander Graham Bell
4
Q
Described the responsibility of spreading Western European civilization as the “white man’s burden”
A
Rudyard Kipling
5
Q
built the Clermont, a steamship which operated on the Hudson River
A
Robert Fulton
6
Q
argued that blood and iron only would in German unity
A
Otto van Bismarck
7
Q
built a three wheeled automobile in 1885
A
Carl Benz
8
Q
Sent U.S. warships to support a foreign rebellion in order to build the Panama Canal
also issued a corollary to the Monroe Doctrine
A
Theodore Roosevelt
9
Q
used dogs to study conditioned reflexes
A
Ivan Pavlov
10
Q
wrote Das Kapital to propound “scientific socialism” which would inevitably take the form of a revolution
A
Karl Marx
11
Q
built a line of affordable vehicles called the Model T by using the assembly line
A
Henry Ford
12
Q
wrote The Wealth of Nations in 1776 to analyze the market economy and to argue for the importance of competition
A
Adam Smith
13
Q
invented the cotton gin
A
eli whitney
14
Q
disproved the idea of spontaneous generation and demonstrated the link between microbes and disease
A
Louis Pasteur
15
Q
developed the first usable and practical electric light bulb
invented the phonograph
A
Thomas Edison
16
Q
falsely accused and convicted in 1894 of giving French military secrets to Germany
finally cleared in 1906
A
Alfred Dreyfuss
17
Q
began using an antiseptic to kill germs on surgical equipment and in wounds
A
Joseph Lister
18
Q
created the first Sunday school in Glasgow to help poor children
A
Robert Raikes
19
Q
organization formed to represent the interests of workers
A
union
20
Q
our conscious, thinking selves
I am
A
ego
21
Q
von Bismarck’s movement for German unification through a practical (rather than idealistic) political philosophy
A
realpolitick
22
Q
our subconscious rules and values
I shouldn’t
A
super-ego
23
Q
belief that the US should settle land from the Atlantic to the Pacific
A
manifest destiny
24
the movement rebelling against machines that were "harmful to the commonality"
luddite
25
the product moves from worker to worker as each one performs a step in the manufacturing process
assembly line
26
process of changing to power-driven machinery to produce man-made goods
industrialization
27
sparked by the British use of beef and pork fat in rifle cartridges
Sepoy Rebellion
28
period during which the German government was under the leadership of Wilhelm I and Bismarck
second reich
29
belief that government (or society) should control major industries for the good of all its people
socialism
30
belief that governments should not interfere in business
laissez faire
31
a group which worked for universal manhood suffrage
Chartist
32
artistic movement which sought to capture the "general sense" of a scene through light, vivid color, and motion
impressionism
33
issued in 1823, declared the Americas off-limits to further European colonization
Monroe Doctrine
34
process by which one nation or people control another
imperialism
35
identical machine-made parts which made production and repair of factory-made goods more efficient
interchangeable parts
36
attack on Father Gapon and a group of protestors outside the Winter Palace by Russian troops
Bloody Sunday
37
German word for "caesar"
| Wilhelm I was proclaimed this in 1871
Kaiser
38
our subconscious desires and urges
| I want
id
39
theory that creatures that are well adapted to their environments will survive and pass on physical characteristics
natural selection
40
the fencing of formerly open land which forced small farmers to move
enclosure
41
created in Austria-Hungary by the Compromise of 1867
| Bitter Compromise
dual monarchy
42
conflict on the coast of the Black Sea between Russia and the forces of Britain, France, the Ottoman Empire, and Sardinia
Crimean War
43
the 1839 conflict between Great Britain and China was fought over this
opium
44
prejudice toward Jews
anti-semitism
45
a work stoppage, used to force employers to raise wages
strike
46
where Teddy Roosevelt sent US warships to support a rebellion in order to build the Panama Canal
Colombia
47
conflict in South Africa between British forces and the Dutch settlers
Boer War
48
an 1899 attack on western missionaries and Chinese converts to Christianity
Boxer Rebellion
49
belief that government should own all means of production and control all economic planning
communism
50
Russian legislative assembly authorized by the Czar Nicholas
Duma
51
5 factors which allowed Great Britain to assume industrial leadership
```
exploration and colonialism
seapower
political stability
government support
growth of private investment
```
52
invented the seed drill
Jethro Tull
53
process of enclosure
purchase land and fence it
| increasing efficiency
54
3 factors of production
land
labor
capital
55
a craft occupation performed in the home
cottage industry
56
a machine which removes seeds from plant fiber
cotton gin
57
invented the spinning jenny
James Hargreaves
58
invented the spinning frame to produce stronger thinner thread than the spinning jenny
Richard Arkwright
59
invented the flying shuttle which doubled the speed at which a weaver could do his job, putting many weavers out of business
John Kay
60
a large building which housed industrial machines
factory
61
the British engineer who built the first steam locomotive around 1802
Richard Trevithick
62
the British millworker who helped build the first factory in the US and became known as the Father of American Industry
Samuel Slater
63
Industrialization was funded by _______ who built or purchased factories as investments in order to make a profit
entrepreneurs
64
In 1832 Parliament produced the _______ to describe abuses in the factories
Sadler Report
65
the system of manufacturing large numbers of identical items
mass production
66
1 advantage of mass production
dramatic increase in prduction
67
1 disadvantage of mass production
more repetitious jobs, leaving workers protesting
68
wrote in AN ESSAY ON THE PRINCIPLE OF POPULATION that population would always grow faster than food production
Thomas Malthus
69
someone who risks his money to start a new business, planning to increase the value of his investment through profits
entrepreneur
70
founded a company in Pittsburgh which later became US steel
Andrew Carnegie
71
founded the Standard Oil Company
John D. Rockefeller
72
founded a community in New Harmony, Indiana, where government control eliminated poverty and other social evils
Robert Owen
73
refers to one's level of material support
"standard of living"
74
this person's discovery of the link between magnetism and electricity led to the development of dynamo
Michael Faraday
75
Where was Edison's light bulb developed?
a lab in Menlo Park, New Jersey
76
3 ways electric power improved industry
factories no longer had to rely on steam engines
didn't have to depend on waterways for steam
became less dependent on sunlight, increasing production
77
the world's first rail line linked _______ and _________ in 1830
Manchester and Liverpool
78
a method of making steel by forcing air through molten metal to burn off impurities
Bessemer process
79
the world's longest railroad was begun in 1891
Trans Siberian
80
built the first powered air plaine to achieve sustained flight
Wilbur and Orville Wright
81
Where did the Wrights first fly in 1903?
Kitty Hawk, North Carolina
82
the first telegraph message sent by wire between Washington DC and Baltimore Maryland
What hath God wrought
83
in 1866 a telegraph cable was laid on the floor of
the Atlantic
84
invented the wireless telegraph or radio in 1895
Guglielmo Marconi
85
Charles Darwin published the book__________ to explain his theory of evolution
On the Origin of Species
86
developed modern atomic theory in 1803
John Dalton
87
discovered polonium and radium in 1898
Marie and Pierre Curie
88
the process by which certain elements release energy when they break down
Radioactivity
89
Einstein's formula _______ demonstrated how a small amount of mass could create a huge amount of energy
E=mcsquared
90
the process of heating liquids and foods to high temperatures to destroy bacteria which could cause diseases
Pasteurization
91
The American surgeon Crawford W. Long was the first to use ether as an
anesthetic
92
the study of the mind and human behavior
psychology
93
developed a therapy known as psychoanalysis
Sigmund Freud
94
the study of people in groups, particularly in their institutions and sub-groups
sociology
95
the growth in the proportion of people living in towns and cities
urbanization
96
an early center of textile manufacturing
Lowell Massachusetts
97
Meat-packing was at the center of _______ industrial development
Chicago's
98
a center for the development of the steel industry
Pttsburgh
99
a combination of smoke and fog that caused illness and even death
smog
100
the first skyscraper was built in _______ in 1883 and stood 10 stories tall
Chicago
101
the first subway was opened in _____ in 1863
London
102
founded a private school in Tuskegee Alabama to train African Americans to be teachers in 1881
Booker T. Washington
103
the movement that emphasized intuition and emotion as a reaction to the Enlightenment
romanticism
104
defined poetry as "the spontaneous overflow of powerful feelings from emotions recollected in tranquility"
William Wordsworth
105
a movement which focused on the details of everyday life, no matter how unpleasant
Realism
106
wrote about the struggles of London's poor
Charles Dickens
107
the music of ________, especially the opera Nabucco, inspired Italian nationalism
Giuseppe Verdi
108
devotion to one's national group
nationalism
109
refers to one's common background or culture
ethnicity
110
a writer and founder of Young Italy, a group dedicated to uniting the separate Italian states
Giuseppe Mazzini
111
the movement for Italian unification and freedom from Russian control
Il Risorgimento
112
the prime minister of Sardinia who liberated the northern Italian states from Austrian control (with help from France)
Camillo di Cavour
113
learned guerrilla warfare in South America and returned to Italy to lead the Sardinian army against Austria
Giuseppe Garibaldi
114
the Sardinian Army was known as the _______ because of their colorful uniforms
Red Shirts
115
in 1861 territories through Italy held an _______and agreed to _________
election
| unification
116
in 1882 Italy formed an arrangement known as the __________ with Germany and Austria-Hungary
Triple Alliance
117
the group of 39 separate German states set up at the Congress of Vienna
German Confederation
118
allowed for the removal of tariffs on products traded between German states, creating an economic unity
Zollverein (customs union)
119
one of the German composers who wrote music glorifying German myths and traditions
Richard Wagner
120
fought over the state of Holstein
| Bismarck made agreements with Italy and France to assure him of victory before the war began
Austro-Prussian
121
a dispute over the territory of ____ and ____ sparked the Franco-Prussian war
Alsace
| Lorraine
122
the struggle between Bismarck's government and the Catholic Church to control the culture of the new Germany
Kulturkampf
123
fired Bismarck as prime minister in 1890 after a series of disagreements
Wilhelm II
124
crowned emperor of Austria in 1848
Franz Joseph I
125
the rebellion of the Hungarian ______ was crushed by the Austrians with the aid of Russian troops
Magyars
126
created the dual monarchy of Austria-Hungary
Compromise of 1867
127
the concern by European powers over the possible collapse of the Ottoman Empire and the fate of Constantinople
Eastern Question
128
British nurse saved many lives by improving sanitation and procuring additional supplies
Florence Nightingale
129
The Ottoman Empire also lost territory in the __________ during the 1800s and early 1900s
difficult terrain and ethnic groups make it a difficult area to unite
Balkans
130
began a revolt against the absolute power of the sultan of the Ottoman Empire in 1908
young turks
131
the rule of one ruler with unlimited power
autocracy
132
Czar Nicholas I crushed the ______ in 1825
Decembrist Revolt
133
freed the serfs and gave them the right to own land as part of a commune
1861 Czar Alexander II
134
a radical group known as _____ assassinated the czar in 1881
People's Will
135
violent attacks on Russian Jews
Pogroms
136
began when Japan attacked and eventually defeated Russia in 1904
Russo-Japanese War
137
in 1902 a Marxist named _____ published a tract supporting the overthrow of the czar
Vladimir Lenin
138
the October Manifesto provided for the popular election of a ______ or legislative assembly, that would approve all laws
Duma
139
politicians who favored political and social reforms
Liberals
140
the Reform Act of 1832 gave _______ representation in Parliament for the first time
industrial cities
141
Sadler's Factory Act made it illegal for teenagers to work more than _____hours per day
12
142
The period from 1837-1901 is known as the
Victorian Era
143
the British prime minister from the Conservative party during the last half of the nineteenth century
Benjamin Disraeli
144
the British prime minister from the Liberal party during the last half of the nineteenth century
William Gladstone
145
the right to vote
suffrage
146
the Irish were particularly angry with ________ who owned much of Ireland and had the power to evict Irish farmers
British landlords
147
During the mid 1800s, the failures of the _____ led to famines
potato crop
148
When French King Charles X tried to suspend the power of the ______, angry citizens began the Revolution of 1830
legislature
149
after the loss of the ______ Napoleon III was deposed as emperor of France
Franco-Prussian
150
In 1896 Theordor Hertzl helped spark ____ by publishing THE JEWISH STATE which outlined plans for the creation of a Jewish nation
Zionism
151
a former slave who led a group of mulattoes and slaves in a revolt against French settlers
inspired the independence of Haiti
Toussaint L'Ouverture
152
Spanish colonists born in Spain
Peninsulares
153
Spanish colonists of European descent born in the colonies
| excluded from highest level government or church positions
Creoles
154
made the Grito de dolores, the first public call for Mexican independence in 1810
Father Miquel Hidalgo
155
a creole royalist and military leader, switched sides to fight against Spain in 1820
1821 named Emperor of Mexico
Agustin de Iturbide
156
the Liberator
| led a series of military campaigns against Spain in northern South America
Simon Bolivar
157
led the independence movement in southern South America
Jose de San Martin
158
In 1803 the US obtained the ___ from France
Louisiana Purchase
159
The Mexican-American war began when the US admitted ____ as a state
Texas
160
About .25 of the CHerokees forced to move along _______ to the Indian territory died along the way
Trail of Tears
161
the movement in the US to end slavery
Abolition
162
the election of ___ as US president in 1860 caused South Carolina to separate from the union
Abraham Lincoln
163
the southern states that seceded from the Union formed the ________
Confederate States of America
164
the first shots of the Civil War were fired at
Fort Sumter
165
in 1863 Lincoln issued the _____ which freed slaves in the Confederacy
Emancipation Proclamation
166
in 1863 the Battle of _____ was the turning point of the civil war
Gettysburg
167
the post-war rebuilding of the South
Reconstruction period
168
2 factors that made it possible for European nations to expand their power in Asia and Africa
new technologies
| weakening empires of Asia and North Africa
169
carried out early British imperialism in India rather than the government
British East India Company
170
an Indian soldier who fought in the British army
sepoy
171
the era of British rule in India
British Raj
172
British plan to break ______ into two parts gave rise to a more radical Indian nationalism
Bengal
173
the destruction of British ___ in 1839 sparked a war with China
opium
174
the right of citizens to be tried in their own country for crimes committed in a foreign nation
extraterritoriality
175
led by Hong Xiuquan against the Qing dynasty
| Hong and his followers were defeated by Chinese, British, and French forces in 1864
Taiping Rebellion
176
European forces carved out _______ in China following her defeat in Korea by the Chinese
Taiping Rebellion
177
Society of the Harmonious Fists began the _______ in 1899 by attacking western missionaries and Chinese converts to Christianity
Boxer Rebellion
178
Chinese radical ____ became known as the Father of Modern China for advocating the idea of "political tutelage"
Sun Yixian
179
his appearance in Tokyo Bay in 1853 opened American trade with Japan
Commodore Matthew Perry
180
the supreme military ruler and real power in Tokugawa Japan
shogun
181
the 2 year journey by Japanese officials to the West to learn about Western society, military practices, and economics to determine what aspects of Western life would be best integrated into Japanese culture
Twakura Mission
182
Japan won the __ in 1894 and the _______ in 1904-1905
Sino Japanese War
| Russo Japanese War
183
controlled the spice trade in the 1600s-1700s, while _______ controlled Indochina
Dutch
| French
184
the only Southeast Asian country to retain its independence in the 1800s
Siam
185
3 scientific advances in the 1800s that allowed Europeans to travel in and to control Africa more easily
drug quinine
automatic machine guns
development of telegraphs, railroads, and steamships
186
The Suez Canal linked the ____ to the ____
Mediterranean to the Red
187
The Congo Free State was under the personal control of ______ the king of Belgium
Leopold II
188
Under the leadership of Shaka, the _____ built a strong kingdom and resisted European colonialism for more than 50 years
Zulu
189
retained their independence by defeating Italian forces at the Battle of Adwa in 1896
Ethiopia
190
the most influential politician during the first thirty years of Mexican independence
Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna
191
in 1861 Napoleon III overthrew the Mexican government and put ____ an Austrian archduke, on the throne
Maximilian
192
After France withdrew its support for the archduke, ______ a reformer and leader of the resistance movement, was reelected president
Benito Juarez
193
led a band of rebels who supported Francisco Madero, a reformer who called for revolution against the Diaz government
later led raids across the border into Columbus, New Mexico
Francisco Pancho Villa
194
The US sent Marines in to occupy ____ when the Mexican army chief Victoriano Huerta seized power and imprisoned President Madero
Veracruz
195
sensationalist style of newspaper reporting
yellow journalism
196
an explosion in February 1898 aboard the US battleship _____ led to the Spanish-American War
Maine
197
3 conditions of the Platt amendment
Us can
Intervene in Cuba
Approve foreign treaties
Lease land at Guantanamo bay for a naval base
198
A Filipino leader who had cooperated with the us forces in the war
Felt betrayed and led the rebellion against the us
Emilio aguinaldo
199
Stated that the Us would act as a policeman in the Western Hemisphere to correct chronic wrongdoing
Roosevelt corollary
200
3 reasons for industrialization
Technological advances
Urbanization
Entrepreneurs
201
Why urbanization?
Increase in food production
Growing population
Enclosure movement
202
4 effects of industrialization
Inexpensive manufactured goods easily available
Injustices broke down relationships between classes
Sundays school
Methodism
203
What did the government do with businesses?
Started to regulate them
204
Who started Methodism
John and Charles Wesley
205
What did romanticism do?
rebelled against order and rationalism
206
5 characteristics of Romanticism
```
emphasis on emotion, passion
emphasis on the individual
celebration of untamed nature
glorification of the past
fascination with supernatural, especially the grotesque
```
207
What was happening in Karl Marx's lifetime?
industrialization created a global economy
the poor moved to cities creating slums
recurring economic panics
208
What was Marx's philosophy and what does it mean?
dialectic materialism
| truth not absolute, found in synthesis of opposing ideas, this world is all there is, economic forces all important
209
what was Marx's economic theory?
the labor theory of value - price is the amount of labor invested
profit is labor exploitation
210
what is history to Marx?
```
a class struggle
upper class always exploiting the poor, now poor can overthrow, and there will be communism with no classes
```
211
3 big ideas of modernism
Biblical model
Human as intelligent animal
human as victim
212
What is morality to Darwin?
survival
good for me or bad for me instead of right and wrong
nature selects those who live to reproduce
213
2 books by Darwin
origin of species
| descent of man
214
process of evolution
nature, by selecting the fittest, is constantly improving
overtime, new and better life forms emerge
dehumanized humans
215
what is social darwinism?
the application of natural selection to economics and politics started by English sociologist Herbert Spencer with radical laissez faire, not upsetting natural class system
216
What did Freud study and what did he apply?
patients with hysteria
| fundamentals of physics and chemistry to human behavior
217
Freud's view on repression?
bad - only healing by ventilation
218
Freud's health
no rules, only rules we consciously accept
| problems aren't our fault
219
Witcher's view
war between sin and righteousness healed by confession and forgiveness
220
reasons for imperialism
raw materials for factories
protected markets for manufactured goods
spread western culture
221
effects of imperialism
spread of Western European civilization
| deep seated resentment against the colonizers
222
imperialism in Africa
hodgepodge of European colonies, mostly British and French
| much of Africa still recovering
223
elected president of the Second Republic after the Revolution of 1848
Louis Napoleon
224
imperialism in South east Asia and India
British controlled India
| French and Dutch controlled South East Asia
225
East Asia imperialism
Europeans cooperated to quell Boxer Rebellion
| Japan chose to westernize
226
Imperialism in Latin America
US major power
