test #19 4.9 Flashcards
osteocytes (trapped osteoblasts) are connected to one another via..
cytoplasmic extension travel from lacunae through canaliculi, connect via GAP JUNCTION. send signals & exchange nutrients & waste products
tight junctions
zona occludens (1st component of junctional compelx)
intermediate junctions
zona adherens (2nd component of junctional complex)
desmosomes
3rd component of junctional complex
maternal blood types A and B often have what type of anti-B and anti-A Abs (respectively)? what about type O?
A and B have IgM (doesn’t cross placenta).
type O have predominately IgG anti-A and anti-B type (can cross placenta & cause hemolytic disease of newborn in 3% of pregnancies). can happen w/ 1st pregnancy.
in what maternal blood type do we worry about erythroblastosis fetalis and hemolytic disease of newborn?
type O moms with type B or A babies. bc they make anti-B or A IgG.
common carotids from what aortic arch?
3rd
1st branchial/pharyngeal arch? associated w/ which n.
associated w/ trigeminal n.
neural crest cells make: Maxilla, zygoma, Mandible, vomer, palatine, incus, Malleus. (M’s)
mesoderm: muscles of mastication (temporalis, medial / lateral pterygoid, masseter) anterior belly of digastric, mylohyoid, tensor tympani, tensor veli palatini.
embryological origin of branchial arches (2)
muscle & arteries = mesoderm.
bone = neural crest cells
2nd branchial/pharyngeal arch? associated n?
associated w/ facial n.
neural crest: styloid process, lesser horn of hyoid, stapes.
mesodern: muscles of facial expression, stylohyoid, stapedius, posterior belly of digastric
4th and 6th arch
make up cartilaginous structures of larynx.
3 most common causes of metabolic alkalosis
- LOSS OF H+ from body: vomiting, nasogastric suction. loose HCl in gastric secretion, causes serum Cl- to decrease
(leads to DECREASED urinary Cl-, t help. SALINE-RESISTANT
bilateral lesions in mamillary bodies & periaqueductal grey area in hospital (in alcoholic)
due to glucose infusion w/o thiamine in thiamine deficient person. PDH needs thiamine!
wernicke encephalopathy
(1) opthalmoplegia: horizontal nystagmus, bilateral abducens palsy, complete opthalmoplegia
(2) ataxia: degeneration of all layers of cortex
(3) confusion, apathy, inattentiveness, disorientation: from encephalopathy.
characterestic hemorrhage into mamillary body
infuse glucose + ___ in alcoholics & bad diet
THIAMINE (B1)
heterophile negative mononucleosis (3)?
CMV, HHV-6, toxoplasmosis
coxsackie A causes (2)
(1) asceptic meningitis and (2) herpangina in children
nifedipine can..
elevate capillary hydrostatic pressure –> edema
common causes of lymphatic obstruction (3)
(1) filariasis,(2) invasive malignancy, (3) iatrogenic (surgical lymph node dissection & radiation therapy)
downstream signaling targets of insulin
generally: insulin receptor substrates (IRS), leading to acrivation of a PROTEIN PHOSPHATASE.
DEPHOSPHORYLATES GLYCOGEN SYNTHASE (1. activates glycogen synthase to promote glycogen synthesis & 2. dephosphorylates fructose 1,6 bisphosphatase to inactivate & block gluconeogenesis)
facial n. constituents.. (4)
- motor to facial muscles
- parasympathetic to lacrimal, submandibular, sublingual salivary glands.
- special afferent fibers for taste (ant 2/3)
- somatic afferents from pinna and external auditory canal
bell’s palsy: unilateral face paralysis (impaired eye closure, eyebrow sagging, inability to smile/frown on affected side, loss of nasolabial fold, mouth drawn to non-affected side. can have: decreased tearing, hyperacusis, loss of taste sensation over anterior 2/3rd of tongue
geniculate ganglion
parasympathetic ganglion for submandibular, sublingual, and lacrimal glands. innervated by facial n.
motor in trigeminal?
V3 – muscles of mastication and tensor tympani
filtration fraction
fraction of PLASMA entering the kidney that filters into renal tubular lumen.
FF = GFR/(1-Hct x RBF)