#3 3/8 Flashcards
describe a koilocyte
sign of HPV infection; immature squamous cell w/ dense, irregularly staining cytoplasm, perinuclear clearing. enlarged nucleus w/ undulating ‘rasinoid’ membrane, perinuclear vacuoles. pynknotic
HPV infection presentation (3 possibilities)
- skin warts (verruca vulgaris) HPV 1-4
- genital warts (condylomata acuminatum) HPV 6,11
- Intraepithelial neoplasia of cervix (CIN) and vulva: HPV 16, 18, 31, 33, 35
describe endometrial cells
resemble histiocytes: small dark nuclei, no perinuclear clearing
describe parabasal cells in Pap smear
epithelial cells: round with a basophillic cytoplasm & finely granular chromatin in nuclei, no visible nucleoli, high N/C ratio. predominate in Pap from post-menopausal and post-partum women
describe glandular endocervical cells in Pap smear
indicate good sample: columnar with prominent cell borders. cluster = honeycomb
how much atherosclerotic blockage is needed for stable angina? unstable angina?
> 75% for stable angina. >90% for unstable angina
4 conditions associated w/ Down’s syndrome
- Alzheimer’s (extra copy of APP)
- acute leukemia: AML and ALL
- congenital heart disease: endocardial cushion defects
- GI defects: duodenal atresia and Hirschsprung
clinical presentation of Creutzfeldt-Jacob disease
rapidly progressive dementia and myoclonic jerks
Nesiritide
recombinant brain natriuretic peptide (BNP). used in patients w/ decompensated left ventricle dysfunction leading to CHF. activate guanylyl cyclase. vasodilate, diuresis/natriuresis, decrease BP. counteract sympathetics, endothelin, and ANG II
where is endorphin made?
endogenous narcotic, made by corticotrophs in
three effects of TGF-beta
- inhibition of cell cycle
- promotion of angiogenesis
- stimulation of fibroblasts
bradykinin; where is it made, what does it cause?
kidney, locally constricts veins and dilates arterioles (increase renal perfusion). implicated in angioedema (rx: ace inhibitors)
3 possible causes of acute orchitis
1&2 in young pts: c. trachomatis & n. gonorrhea. 3 in older: e. coli
predisposition to testicular torsion
congenitally-horizontal positioning of testes “bell-clapper deformity”permits rotation of testes around spermatic cord
hypospadias caused by..
epispadias caused by..
- incomplete closure of urethral folds
- faulty positioning of the genital tubercle
t-sample T test
determine if the means of 2 populations are equal/not.
need two means, sample variance, and sample size. calculate T-statistic and then p-value
linear regression
relationship between dependent and independent variable
correlation coefficient
measure of strength and direction of a linear relationship
meta-analysis
epidemiological method of analyzing pooled data from several studies, increasing statistical power beyond that of individual studies
generalized anxiety disorder criteria
excessive and uncontrollable worry w/ 3+ non-worry symptoms (irritability, disturbed sleep, poor concentration, muscle tension, easy fatiguability, restlessness)
for at least 6 months
classic presentation of acute intermittent porphyria (AIP)
abdominal pain, neurpsychiatric manifestations, and colour change in urine upon standing (excess prophyrinogen in urine –> light-induced formation of porphyrins)
where is heme produced (2)
85% in bone marrow erythroid cells for hemoglobin. 15% in liver for cytochrome p450 detox enzyme system
enzyme deficiency in acute intermittent porphyria & toxic agents (2)? Rx?
porphobillinogen deaminase (hydroxymethylbilane synthase) deficiency. accumulation of ALA and PBG, which are toxic to human tissue
Rx: intravenous heme preps and glucose –> inhibits ALA synthase activity
distinguish enzyme deficiency in early steps of porphyrin synthesis vs. latter steps (after condensation of porphobilinogen)
early (AIP): neurologic abnormalities w/o photosensitivity, darkening of urine when standing, increased urinary ALA and PBG
later: photosensitivity.