Test 1 Quizzes Flashcards
Name this
Abdominopelvic region
Umbilical region
Name this
Adominopelvic region
Hypogastric region
Name this
Abdominopelvic region
Epigastric region
Name this
Abdominopelvic region
Right hypochondriac
Name this
Abdominopelvic region
Left hypochondriac
Name this
Abdominopelvic region
Right lumbar region
Name this
Abdominopelvic region
Left lumbar region
Name this
Abdominopelvic region
Right iliac region
Name this
Abdominopelvic region
Left iliac region
What body cavity
Dorsal (posterior) cavity
What body cavity
Cranial cavity
What body cavity
Spinal cavity
What body cavity?
Ventral (anterior) cavity
What body cavity
Adominopelvic cavity
What body cavity
Abdominal cavity
What body cavity
Pelvic cavity
What body cavity
Thoracic cavity
What body cavity
Pleural cavity
What body cavity
Pericardial cavity
What body region
Occipital
What body region
Cervical
What body region
Dorsal
What body region
Vertebral
What body region
Lumbar
What body region
Sacral
What body region
Gluteal
What body region
Popliteal
What body region
Sural
What body region
Plantar
What body region
Thoracic
What body region
Sternal
What body region
Abdominal
What body region
Pelvic
What body region
Inguinal
What body region
Pubic
What body region
Palmar
What body region
Pedal
What body region
Cephalic
What body region
Manual
What body region
Acromial
What body region
Brachial
What body region
Antecubital
What body region
Antebrachial
What body region
Carpal
What body region
Pollex
What body region
Digital
What body region
Metacarpal
What body region
Axillary
What body region
Coxal
What body region
Femoral
(know both pics)
What body region
Patellar
What body region
Crural
Know both pictures
What body region
Tarsal
What body region
Metatarsal
What body region
Digital
What body region
Hallux
What body region
Otic
Ear - Otiscope
What body region
Buccal
What body region
Oral
What body region
Frontal
What body region
Ocular
Binocular
What body region
Nasal
What body region
Mental
🤔
What body region
Cranial
What plane
Sagittal plane
Midsagittal plane
midline
What plane
Frontal plane
splitting the body in front and back parts
What plane
Transverse
Transversing/walking across it
What body region
Mediastinum
Is inbetween the pleural cavity
houses the pericardial cavity
What layer
Visceral layer
On the organ
Has a vice grip of the organ
What layer
Serous fluid Cavity
What layer
Parietal layer
the one on the other side of the fluid space
Intraperitoneal organs
Organs surrounded by visceral peritoneum
Retroperitoneal organs
Organs behind the peritoneum
What tissue
Simple squamous epithelium
What tissue
Simple squamous epithelium
What tissue
Simple cuboidal epithelium
What tissue
Simple columnar epithelium
What cell type
Goblet cell
What tissue
Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium
What cell type
Goblet cell
What tissue
Stratified cuboidal epithelium
What tissue
Stratified columnar epithelium
What tissue
Transitional epithelium
What tissue
Stratified squamous epithelium
What tissue
Areolar connective tissue
What fiber (dark)
Elastic fiber
What fiber (pink)
Collagen fiber
What tissue
Adipose tissue
What cell type
Adipocyte
What tissue
Reticular connectivve tissue
What cell type
Mostly reticular cells (fibroblasts) from leukocytes (white blood cells); but hard to distinguish them here
What fiber
Reticular fiber
What tissue
Dense regular connective tissue
What fibers
Collagen fibers
What cell type
Indicated by nucleus
Fibroblast
What tissue
Dense irregular connective tissue
What cell type
Indicated by nucleus
Fibroblast
What fibers
Collagen fibers
What tissue
Elastic connective tissue
What fibers
Elastic fibers
What tissue
Hyaline cartilage
What cell type
Chondrocyte (in lacuna)
What substance
Extracellular matrix
What tissue
Elastic cartilage
What cell type
Chondrocyte (in lacuna)
What fibers
Elastic fibers
What tissue
Fibrocartilage
What cell type
Chondrocyte (in lacuna)
What tissue
Compact bone
What cell type
Osteocyte (in lacuna)
What substance
Calcified extracellular matrix
What tissue
Blood
What cell type
Erythrocyte (Red blood cell)
What cell type
Leukocyte (white blood cell)
What tissue
Skeletal muscle
What tissue
Cardiac muscle
What structure
Intercalated disk
What tissue
Smooth muscle
What tissue
Nervous tissue
What cell type
Neuron (nerve cell)
What cell type
Glial cells (neuroglia)
What cell junction
Tight junctions
What cell junction
Desmosomes
What cell junction
Gap junctions
Exocrine glands
Secretions released via a duct or tube; empties onto apical surface
Range from 1 cell (e.g., goblet cell) to multicellular
Endocrine glands
Ductless glands
Secrete hormones (by exocytosis)
Secretions released by directly into blood or fluids
Exocytosis
Where a gland packages up secretion into a membrane bound sac, walling it off from everything else.
Cell then uses energy to move it to the wall of the cell.
The sac then murges with the wall of the cell since its made out of the same material. The secretion is now outside of the cell.
Anterior
Ventral
Towards the front
–The parms are on the anterior side of the body
–The esophagus is anterior to the spinal cord
Posterior
Dorsal
Towards the back
–The occipital bone is on the posterior cranium (skull)
–The spinal cord is posterior to the esophagus
Superior
Cranial
Towards the head
—The nose is superior to the mouth
—the neck is superior to the chest
Inferior
Caudal
Towards the tail
—The nose is inferior to the forehead
—The umbilicus (belly button) is inferior to the chest
Proximal
Closer to the point of origin (generally the trunk)
—The knee is proximal to the ankle
—The shoulder is proximal to the elbow
Distal
Further away from the point of origin (generally the trunk)
—The foot is distal to the hip
—The wrist is distal to the elbow
Medial
Closer to the midline of the body or a body part; on the inner side
—The ear is medial to the shoulder
—The index finger is medial to the thumb
Lateral
Farther away from the midline of the body or body part; on the outer side of
—The shoulder is lateral to the chest
—The thumb is lateral to the index finger
Superficial
Closer to the surface
—The skin is superficial to the muscle
—Muscle is superficial to the bone
Deep
Farther below the surface
—Bone is deep to the skin
—Bone is deep to muscle
Anatomy
study of internal and external structures of organisms and relationships among body parts
–literally means “cutting open”
–Divided into:
—-Gross anatomy (macroscopic) big
—-Microscopic
Physiology
Study of function of organisms
–interrelated with anatomy
—-anatomy gives clues about function
—-physiology is explained in terms of anatomy
Levels of biological organization within the human body
Chemical level
Cellular level
Tissue level
Organ level
Organ system level
Organism level
Chemical level
atoms = smallest units of matter
molecules = combining ions of 2 or more atoms
Cellular level
smallest living units of the body
–formed by a lot of molecules
Tissue level
tissues = group of similar cells working together to perform functions
–4 major cell categories in animals
—-epithelial, connective, nervous, muscle
Organ level
functional units of the body made up of more than one tissue type
–heart, lungs, brain, teeth
Organ system level
association/group of organs that performs functions
–integumentary, nervous, endocrine
Characteristics of living things
Composed of 1 or more cells
Uses materials and energy from environment (metabolism)
–Catabolism (breaking things down)
–Anabolism (putting things together)
Maintain internal constancy through homeostasis
Respond to stimuli
Movement (of parts or substances)
Grow (growth by cell division in multicellular organisms)
Reproduce
Catabolism
Breaking things down
– cats like to break things
Anabolism
Putting things together.
Opposite of Catabolism
Homeostasis
= process by which organisms keep internal conditions relatively constant, despite what external conditions are
Internal conditions maintained so chemical reactions (metabolism) can occur fast enough for the organism to stay alive
Negative feedback Homeostasis
Changing the direction in which the body was headed, change in a variable causes a response that counteracts that change
–Hypothalamus coordinates much of the negative feedback in the body
—-Monitors BP, O2 level, body temp, salt concentration in body fluids
Positive feedback loop Homeostasis
When change in a variable causes a response that reinforces or amplifies the change
–only a few biological examples
–blood clotting; uterine contractions during childbirth
Integumentary system
Hair, Skin, Nails
Protects the body from external environment
Produces vitamin D
Retains water
Regulates body temp
Skeletal system
Bones, Joints
Supports the body
Protects internal organs
Provides leverage for movement
produces blood cells
stores calcium salts
Muscular System
Skeletal muscles
Produces movement
Controls body openings
Generates heat
Nervous system
Brain, spinal cord, nerves
Regulates body fuctions
Provides sensation, movement, automatic functions and higher mental functions via nerve impulses
Endocrine system
Pineal gland, Hypothalamus, Pituitary gland, Thyroid gland, Thymus gland, Adrenal glands, Pancreas, Ovaries (female), Testes (male)
Regulates body functions
Regulates the functions of muscles, glands, and other tissues through the secretion of chemicals called homones
Cardiovascular system
Blood vessels, Heart
Pumps and delivers oxygen-poor blood to the lungs and oxygen-rich blood to the tissues
Removes wastes from the tissues
Transports cells, nutrients, and other substances
Lymphatic system
Tonsils, Lymph nodes, Thymus, Spleen, Lymphatic vessels
Returns excess tissue fluid to the cardiovascular system
provides immunity (protection against disease)
Digestive system
Mouth, Salivary glands, Esophagus, Liver, Stomach, Gallbladder, Pancreas, Large intestine, Small intestine
Digests food
Absorbs nutrients into the blood
Removes food waste
Maintains fluid, electrolyte, and acid-base balance
Respiratory system
Nasal cavity, Pharynx, Larynx, Trachea, Lungs
Delivers oxygen to the blood
Removes carbon dioxide from the body
Maintains the acid-base balance of the blood
Urinary system
Kidneys, ureters, Urinary bladder, Urethra
Removes metabolic wastes from the blood
Maintains fluid, electrolyte, and acid-base balance
Stimulates blood cell production
Reproductive system: Male
Prostate gland, Doctus deferens, Testis, Penis
Produces and transports sperm
Secretes hormones
Sexual function
Reproductive system: Female
Mammary glands, Uterine tube, Ovary, Uterus, Vagina
Produces and transports oocytes (eggs)
Site of fetal development, fetal nourishment, childbirth, and lactation
Secretes hormones
Sexual function
Merocrine Secretion
Product released from secretory vesicles by exocytosis
Produced by majority of exocrine glands
Examples
- Sweat (merocrine and apocrine sweat glands) common in skin around the body; common on palms and soles
- Saliva (from salivary glands)
- Mucus in digestive and respiratory tracts
- Milk from mammary glands also involves some apocrine secretion
Apocrine secretion
Involves shedding some cytoplasm and secretory vesicles
Gland cell grows and repairs before more releases
Examples
- Observed in lipid droplet secretion in lactating mammary glands of many mammals
Holocrine secretion
Entire gland cell packed with secretory vesicles
Cell bursts
- Releases secretion
- Kills cell
Cells replaced by stem cells
Example
- Secretions of sebaceous glands (oil glands) *Produced by oily secretion (sebum) to coat skin and hair
Glycoproteins
Cell-adhesion molecules
Help cells stick to each other and to hold them in place in the matrix;
Bind membrane proteins to protoglycans and protein fibers in matrix
What skin layer
Epidermis
What skin layer
Dermis
What layer
Hypodermis
What specific skin layer
Stratum corneum
What specific skin layer
Stratum lucidum
What specific skin layer
Stratum granulosum
What specific skin layer
Stratum spinosum
What specific skin layer
Stratum basale
What specific structure
Tactile (Meissner’s) corpuscle
What specific structure
Lamellated (Pacinian) corpuscle
What specific structure
Bare nerve endings (sensory)
What specific structure
Nerve endings (motor)
What specific structure
Arrector pili muscle
What specific structures
Capillaries
What specific structure
Merocrine (eccrine) sweat gland
What specific structure
Apocrine sweat gland
What specific structure
Sebaceous gland (oil gland)
What specific structure
Hair follicle
What specific structure
Hair shaft (of hair)
What specific structure
Hair bulb (of hair follicle)
What specific layer
Connective tissue sheath (of follicle) (AKA dermal root sheath)
What specific layer
Glassy membrane (of follicle); basement membrane; separates external root sheath from dermal root sheath
What specific layer
External root sheath (of follicle) (outer layer of epithelial root sheath)
What specific layer
Internal root sheath (of follicle) (inner layer of epithelial root sheath)
What specific layer
Cuticle (of hair)
What specific layer
Cortex (of hair)
What specific layer
Medulla (of hair)
What specific structure
Hair papilla (provides nutrients to dividing hair matrix cells)
What specific structure
Hair root nerve plexus (senses movement of hair)
What specific skin layer
Stratum corneum
What specific skin layer
Stratum lucidum (found only in thick skin)
What specific skin layer
Stratum granulosum
What specific skin layer
Stratum spinosum
What specific skin layer
Stratum basale
What cell type
Melanocyte
What cell type
Merkel cell
What skin layer
Epidermis
What skin layer
Dermis
What specific skin layer
Papillary layer (of dermis)
What specific skin layer
Reticular layer (of dermis)
Integumentary system
Composed of skin, hair, nails, various glands
Epidermis
Stratified squamous epithelium
Dermis
Connective tissue (adipose, areolar, dense irregular)
Stratum basale
AKA Stratum germinativum
Deepest layer of epidermis
Important cells:
- Basal cells – stem cells
- Merkel cells – sensitive to touch
- Melanocytes – synthesize melanin
Stratum lucidum
Flat dead cells filled with keratin
Found ONLY in thick skin
Layer is translucent
- lucidum means “light”
Stratum corneum
15-30 cell layers thick (thicker in thick skin)
Cells flattened and dead (filled with keratin)
- Called keratinized cells (cornified or horny cells)
Cells tightly connected by desmosomes
- Often shed in groups or sheets
Stratum granulosum
4-6 layers thick of keratinocytes
Cells have stopped dividing
Cells flatten out
Nuclei and other organelles degenerate
Accumulate granules
- 1 type of granules helps form keratin (from pre-keratin) in superficial layers
- First step in keratinization
Cells connected by desmosomes and tight junctions
Stratum spinosum (spiny layer)
Several layers of keratinocytes (prickle cells)
- Connected by many desmosomes attached to protein fibers of cytoskeleton (look spiky)
Cells filled with pre-keratin filaments and melanin granules
Also contains dendritic cells (Langerhans cells)
Simple squamous epithelium location
Lines body cavities
(as mesothelium or serous membranes such as peritoneum, pleura and pericardium)
endothelium, bowmans’s capsules, loop of hanle in kidney tubules, alveoli, and inner surface of the eardrum
Simple cuboidal epithelium location
Many glands including liver, pancreas, salivary glands, pigmented epithelium of retina, tubules of kidney, choroids plexus of brain, terminal bronchioles of lungs, surface of ovaries
Simple columnar epithelium location
GI tract, gallbladder, bronchioles of lungs, auditory tubes, uterus, uterine tubes, stomach, bile ducts, ventricles of the brain
Stratified squamous epithelium location
Keratinized: Epidermis
Moist: mucous membranes which line all openings of the body including, mouth, nose, end of urethra, anus, vagina, esophagus, cornea, conjunctiva
Stratified cuboidal epithelium location
Tubules of testes, follicles of ovaries, sweat gland ducts, salivary gland ducts
Stratified columnar epithelium location
Small amounts found where simple columnar meets startified squamous, as in the pharynx & larynx, mammary gland duct, portions of male urethra
Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium location
Air passageways down to alveoli, fallopian tubes
Pseudostratifed (nonciliated) columnar epithelium location
Male reproductive tract: epididymis and vas epithelium (with stereocilia) deferens
Transitional epithelium location
Urinary bladder, ureter, superior urethra
Areolar tissue location
The supporting tissue below all apithelial basement membranes, packing between glands, muscles and nerves
Adipose tissue location
Subcutaneous fat, breast, yellow bone marrow
Around numerous organs such as the heart, kidneys, greater omentum, attached to the surface of the colon
Reticular tissue location
Supports capillaries, and nerve endings, the framework of sinusosides, as in liver, lymphoid tissues, and bone marrow, endomysium, perineurium, perichondrium, endoneurium
Within the lymph nodes, spleen, and bone marrow
Regular dense connective tissue location
Tendons & ligaments; ligaments between the vertebrae and along the dorsal aspect of the neck and in the vocal cords
Irregular dense connective tissue location
Most of the dermis, capsules
Sheaths and septa of epimysium, perimysium, epineurium, perineurium, perichondrium, and periosteum
Hyaline cartilage location
Fetal skeleton, costal cartilages, tip of nose, growing long bones (epiphyseal growth plates), ends of long bones, large cartilages of larynx such as thyroid and cricoid articular cartilages
Elastic cartilage location
Smaller cartilages of larynx (epiglottis), auditory tube, auricles of external ear
Fibrocartilages location
Intervertebral disks, pubic symphysis, articular disks (temporomandibular joint)
Cancellous/spongy bone location
Interior of skull bones, vertebrae, sternum, pelvis and long bones (in epiphysis)
Compact bone location
Outer portions of all bones and shaft of long bones
Blood location
In blood vessels and heart
What section name
Cuticle
Outer most layer of hair. Made from hard a single layer of keratinoxytes arranged like shingles
What section name
Cortex
Made up of hard keratin.
What section name
Medulla
Present only in thick hairs like the ones on your head
Made up of soft keratin, same type of keratin found in epidermis
Vellus hair
Thin, nonpigmented hair found over most of the body
Terminal hair
Thicker, coarser and pigmented hair
Found on the skalp and around the eyes
After puberty much of the cell us hair is replaced with terminal hair (90% in males, 35% in females)
Simple squamous epithelium location
Lines body cavities
(as mesothelium or serous membranes such as peritoneum, pleura and pericardium)
endothelium, bowmans’s capsules, loop of hanle in kidney tubules, alveoli, and inner surface of the eardrum
Simple cuboidal epithelium location
Many glands including liver, pancreas, salivary glands, pigmented epithelium of retina, tubules of kidney, choroids plexus of brain, terminal bronchioles of lungs, surface of ovaries
Simple columnar epithelium location
GI tract, gallbladder, bronchioles of lungs, auditory tubes, uterus, uterine tubes, stomach, bile ducts, ventricles of the brain
Stratified squamous epithelium location
Keratinized: Epidermis
Moist: mucous membranes which line all openings of the body including, mouth, nose, end of urethra, anus, vagina, esophagus, cornea, conjunctiva
Stratified cuboidal epithelium location
Tubules of testes, follicles of ovaries, sweat gland ducts, salivary gland ducts
Stratified columnar epithelium location
Small amounts found where simple columnar meets startified squamous, as in the pharynx & larynx, mammary gland duct, portions of male urethra
Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium location
Air passageways down to alveoli, fallopian tubes
Pseudostratifed (nonciliated) columnar epithelium location
Male reproductive tract: epididymis and vas epithelium (with stereocilia) deferens
Transitional epithelium location
Urinary bladder, ureter, superior urethra
Areolar tissue location
The supporting tissue below all apithelial basement membranes, packing between glands, muscles and nerves
Adipose tissue location
Subcutaneous fat, breast, yellow bone marrow
Around numerous organs such as the heart, kidneys, greater omentum, attached to the surface of the colon
Reticular tissue location
Supports capillaries, and nerve endings, the framework of sinusosides, as in liver, lymphoid tissues, and bone marrow, endomysium, perineurium, perichondrium, endoneurium
Within the lymph nodes, spleen, and bone marrow
Regular dense connective tissue location
Tendons & ligaments; ligaments between the vertebrae and along the dorsal aspect of the neck and in the vocal cords
Irregular dense connective tissue location
Most of the dermis, capsules
Sheaths and septa of epimysium, perimysium, epineurium, perineurium, perichondrium, and periosteum
Hyaline cartilage location
Fetal skeleton, costal cartilages, tip of nose, growing long bones (epiphyseal growth plates), ends of long bones, large cartilages of larynx such as thyroid and cricoid articular cartilages
Elastic cartilage location
Smaller cartilages of larynx (epiglottis), auditory tube, auricles of external ear
Fibrocartilages location
Intervertebral disks, pubic symphysis, articular disks (temporomandibular joint)
Cancellous/spongy bone location
Interior of skull bones, vertebrae, sternum, pelvis and long bones (in epiphysis)
Compact bone location
Outer portions of all bones and shaft of long bones
Blood location
In blood vessels and heart
