Test 1 Quizzes Flashcards

1
Q

Name this

A

Abdominopelvic region
Umbilical region

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2
Q

Name this

A

Adominopelvic region
Hypogastric region

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3
Q

Name this

A

Abdominopelvic region
Epigastric region

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4
Q

Name this

A

Abdominopelvic region
Right hypochondriac

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5
Q

Name this

A

Abdominopelvic region
Left hypochondriac

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6
Q

Name this

A

Abdominopelvic region
Right lumbar region

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7
Q

Name this

A

Abdominopelvic region
Left lumbar region

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8
Q

Name this

A

Abdominopelvic region
Right iliac region

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9
Q

Name this

A

Abdominopelvic region
Left iliac region

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10
Q

What body cavity

A

Dorsal (posterior) cavity

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11
Q

What body cavity

A

Cranial cavity

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12
Q

What body cavity

A

Spinal cavity

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13
Q

What body cavity?

A

Ventral (anterior) cavity

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14
Q

What body cavity

A

Adominopelvic cavity

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15
Q

What body cavity

A

Abdominal cavity

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16
Q

What body cavity

A

Pelvic cavity

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17
Q

What body cavity

A

Thoracic cavity

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18
Q

What body cavity

A

Pleural cavity

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19
Q

What body cavity

A

Pericardial cavity

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20
Q

What body region

A

Occipital

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21
Q

What body region

A

Cervical

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22
Q

What body region

A

Dorsal

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23
Q

What body region

A

Vertebral

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24
Q

What body region

A

Lumbar

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25
Q

What body region

A

Sacral

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26
Q

What body region

A

Gluteal

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27
Q

What body region

A

Popliteal

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28
Q

What body region

A

Sural

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29
Q

What body region

A

Plantar

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30
Q

What body region

A

Thoracic

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31
Q

What body region

A

Sternal

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32
Q

What body region

A

Abdominal

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33
Q

What body region

A

Pelvic

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34
Q

What body region

A

Inguinal

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35
Q

What body region

A

Pubic

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36
Q

What body region

A

Palmar

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37
Q

What body region

A

Pedal

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38
Q

What body region

A

Cephalic

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39
Q

What body region

A

Manual

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40
Q

What body region

A

Acromial

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41
Q

What body region

A

Brachial

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42
Q

What body region

A

Antecubital

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43
Q

What body region

A

Antebrachial

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44
Q

What body region

A

Carpal

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45
Q

What body region

A

Pollex

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46
Q

What body region

A

Digital

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47
Q

What body region

A

Metacarpal

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48
Q

What body region

A

Axillary

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49
Q

What body region

A

Coxal

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50
Q

What body region

A

Femoral

(know both pics)

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51
Q

What body region

A

Patellar

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52
Q

What body region

A

Crural

Know both pictures

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53
Q

What body region

A

Tarsal

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54
Q

What body region

A

Metatarsal

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55
Q

What body region

A

Digital

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56
Q

What body region

A

Hallux

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57
Q

What body region

A

Otic

Ear - Otiscope

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58
Q

What body region

A

Buccal

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59
Q

What body region

A

Oral

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60
Q

What body region

A

Frontal

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61
Q

What body region

A

Ocular

Binocular

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62
Q

What body region

A

Nasal

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63
Q

What body region

A

Mental

🤔

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64
Q

What body region

A

Cranial

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65
Q

What plane

A

Sagittal plane
Midsagittal plane

midline

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66
Q

What plane

A

Frontal plane

splitting the body in front and back parts

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67
Q

What plane

A

Transverse

Transversing/walking across it

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68
Q

What body region

A

Mediastinum

Is inbetween the pleural cavity
houses the pericardial cavity

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69
Q

What layer

A

Visceral layer

On the organ
Has a vice grip of the organ

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70
Q

What layer

A

Serous fluid Cavity

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71
Q

What layer

A

Parietal layer

the one on the other side of the fluid space

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72
Q

Intraperitoneal organs

A

Organs surrounded by visceral peritoneum

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73
Q

Retroperitoneal organs

A

Organs behind the peritoneum

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74
Q

What tissue

A

Simple squamous epithelium

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75
Q

What tissue

A

Simple squamous epithelium

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76
Q

What tissue

A

Simple cuboidal epithelium

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77
Q

What tissue

A

Simple columnar epithelium

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78
Q

What cell type

A

Goblet cell

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79
Q

What tissue

A

Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium

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80
Q

What cell type

A

Goblet cell

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81
Q

What tissue

A

Stratified cuboidal epithelium

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82
Q

What tissue

A

Stratified columnar epithelium

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83
Q

What tissue

A

Transitional epithelium

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84
Q

What tissue

A

Stratified squamous epithelium

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85
Q

What tissue

A

Areolar connective tissue

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86
Q

What fiber (dark)

A

Elastic fiber

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87
Q

What fiber (pink)

A

Collagen fiber

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88
Q

What tissue

A

Adipose tissue

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89
Q

What cell type

A

Adipocyte

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90
Q

What tissue

A

Reticular connectivve tissue

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91
Q

What cell type

A

Mostly reticular cells (fibroblasts) from leukocytes (white blood cells); but hard to distinguish them here

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92
Q

What fiber

A

Reticular fiber

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93
Q

What tissue

A

Dense regular connective tissue

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94
Q

What fibers

A

Collagen fibers

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95
Q

What cell type

A

Indicated by nucleus
Fibroblast

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96
Q

What tissue

A

Dense irregular connective tissue

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97
Q

What cell type

A

Indicated by nucleus
Fibroblast

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98
Q

What fibers

A

Collagen fibers

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99
Q

What tissue

A

Elastic connective tissue

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100
Q

What fibers

A

Elastic fibers

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101
Q

What tissue

A

Hyaline cartilage

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102
Q

What cell type

A

Chondrocyte (in lacuna)

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103
Q

What substance

A

Extracellular matrix

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104
Q

What tissue

A

Elastic cartilage

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105
Q

What cell type

A

Chondrocyte (in lacuna)

106
Q

What fibers

A

Elastic fibers

107
Q

What tissue

A

Fibrocartilage

108
Q

What cell type

A

Chondrocyte (in lacuna)

109
Q

What tissue

A

Compact bone

110
Q

What cell type

A

Osteocyte (in lacuna)

111
Q

What substance

A

Calcified extracellular matrix

112
Q

What tissue

A

Blood

113
Q

What cell type

A

Erythrocyte (Red blood cell)

114
Q

What cell type

A

Leukocyte (white blood cell)

115
Q

What tissue

A

Skeletal muscle

116
Q

What tissue

A

Cardiac muscle

117
Q

What structure

A

Intercalated disk

118
Q

What tissue

A

Smooth muscle

119
Q

What tissue

A

Nervous tissue

120
Q

What cell type

A

Neuron (nerve cell)

121
Q

What cell type

A

Glial cells (neuroglia)

122
Q

What cell junction

A

Tight junctions

123
Q

What cell junction

A

Desmosomes

124
Q

What cell junction

A

Gap junctions

125
Q

Exocrine glands

A

Secretions released via a duct or tube; empties onto apical surface
Range from 1 cell (e.g., goblet cell) to multicellular

126
Q

Endocrine glands

A

Ductless glands
Secrete hormones (by exocytosis)
Secretions released by directly into blood or fluids

127
Q

Exocytosis

A

Where a gland packages up secretion into a membrane bound sac, walling it off from everything else.
Cell then uses energy to move it to the wall of the cell.
The sac then murges with the wall of the cell since its made out of the same material. The secretion is now outside of the cell.

128
Q

Anterior

A

Ventral
Towards the front
–The parms are on the anterior side of the body
–The esophagus is anterior to the spinal cord

129
Q

Posterior

A

Dorsal
Towards the back
–The occipital bone is on the posterior cranium (skull)
–The spinal cord is posterior to the esophagus

130
Q

Superior

A

Cranial
Towards the head
—The nose is superior to the mouth
—the neck is superior to the chest

131
Q

Inferior

A

Caudal
Towards the tail
—The nose is inferior to the forehead
—The umbilicus (belly button) is inferior to the chest

132
Q

Proximal

A

Closer to the point of origin (generally the trunk)
—The knee is proximal to the ankle
—The shoulder is proximal to the elbow

133
Q

Distal

A

Further away from the point of origin (generally the trunk)
—The foot is distal to the hip
—The wrist is distal to the elbow

134
Q

Medial

A

Closer to the midline of the body or a body part; on the inner side
—The ear is medial to the shoulder
—The index finger is medial to the thumb

135
Q

Lateral

A

Farther away from the midline of the body or body part; on the outer side of
—The shoulder is lateral to the chest
—The thumb is lateral to the index finger

136
Q

Superficial

A

Closer to the surface
—The skin is superficial to the muscle
—Muscle is superficial to the bone

137
Q

Deep

A

Farther below the surface
—Bone is deep to the skin
—Bone is deep to muscle

138
Q

Anatomy

A

study of internal and external structures of organisms and relationships among body parts
–literally means “cutting open”
–Divided into:
—-Gross anatomy (macroscopic) big
—-Microscopic

139
Q

Physiology

A

Study of function of organisms
–interrelated with anatomy
—-anatomy gives clues about function
—-physiology is explained in terms of anatomy

140
Q

Levels of biological organization within the human body

A

Chemical level
Cellular level
Tissue level
Organ level
Organ system level
Organism level

141
Q

Chemical level

A

atoms = smallest units of matter
molecules = combining ions of 2 or more atoms

142
Q

Cellular level

A

smallest living units of the body
–formed by a lot of molecules

143
Q

Tissue level

A

tissues = group of similar cells working together to perform functions
–4 major cell categories in animals
—-epithelial, connective, nervous, muscle

144
Q

Organ level

A

functional units of the body made up of more than one tissue type
–heart, lungs, brain, teeth

145
Q

Organ system level

A

association/group of organs that performs functions
–integumentary, nervous, endocrine

146
Q

Characteristics of living things

A

Composed of 1 or more cells
Uses materials and energy from environment (metabolism)
–Catabolism (breaking things down)
–Anabolism (putting things together)
Maintain internal constancy through homeostasis
Respond to stimuli
Movement (of parts or substances)
Grow (growth by cell division in multicellular organisms)
Reproduce

147
Q

Catabolism

A

Breaking things down

– cats like to break things

148
Q

Anabolism

A

Putting things together.
Opposite of Catabolism

149
Q

Homeostasis

A

= process by which organisms keep internal conditions relatively constant, despite what external conditions are
Internal conditions maintained so chemical reactions (metabolism) can occur fast enough for the organism to stay alive

150
Q

Negative feedback Homeostasis

A

Changing the direction in which the body was headed, change in a variable causes a response that counteracts that change
–Hypothalamus coordinates much of the negative feedback in the body
—-Monitors BP, O2 level, body temp, salt concentration in body fluids

151
Q

Positive feedback loop Homeostasis

A

When change in a variable causes a response that reinforces or amplifies the change
–only a few biological examples
–blood clotting; uterine contractions during childbirth

152
Q

Integumentary system

A

Hair, Skin, Nails

Protects the body from external environment
Produces vitamin D
Retains water
Regulates body temp

153
Q

Skeletal system

A

Bones, Joints

Supports the body
Protects internal organs
Provides leverage for movement
produces blood cells
stores calcium salts

154
Q

Muscular System

A

Skeletal muscles

Produces movement
Controls body openings
Generates heat

155
Q

Nervous system

A

Brain, spinal cord, nerves

Regulates body fuctions
Provides sensation, movement, automatic functions and higher mental functions via nerve impulses

156
Q

Endocrine system

A

Pineal gland, Hypothalamus, Pituitary gland, Thyroid gland, Thymus gland, Adrenal glands, Pancreas, Ovaries (female), Testes (male)

Regulates body functions
Regulates the functions of muscles, glands, and other tissues through the secretion of chemicals called homones

157
Q

Cardiovascular system

A

Blood vessels, Heart

Pumps and delivers oxygen-poor blood to the lungs and oxygen-rich blood to the tissues
Removes wastes from the tissues
Transports cells, nutrients, and other substances

158
Q

Lymphatic system

A

Tonsils, Lymph nodes, Thymus, Spleen, Lymphatic vessels

Returns excess tissue fluid to the cardiovascular system
provides immunity (protection against disease)

159
Q

Digestive system

A

Mouth, Salivary glands, Esophagus, Liver, Stomach, Gallbladder, Pancreas, Large intestine, Small intestine

Digests food
Absorbs nutrients into the blood
Removes food waste
Maintains fluid, electrolyte, and acid-base balance

160
Q

Respiratory system

A

Nasal cavity, Pharynx, Larynx, Trachea, Lungs

Delivers oxygen to the blood
Removes carbon dioxide from the body
Maintains the acid-base balance of the blood

161
Q

Urinary system

A

Kidneys, ureters, Urinary bladder, Urethra

Removes metabolic wastes from the blood
Maintains fluid, electrolyte, and acid-base balance
Stimulates blood cell production

162
Q

Reproductive system: Male

A

Prostate gland, Doctus deferens, Testis, Penis

Produces and transports sperm
Secretes hormones
Sexual function

163
Q

Reproductive system: Female

A

Mammary glands, Uterine tube, Ovary, Uterus, Vagina

Produces and transports oocytes (eggs)
Site of fetal development, fetal nourishment, childbirth, and lactation
Secretes hormones
Sexual function

164
Q

Merocrine Secretion

A

Product released from secretory vesicles by exocytosis
Produced by majority of exocrine glands
Examples
- Sweat (merocrine and apocrine sweat glands) common in skin around the body; common on palms and soles
- Saliva (from salivary glands)
- Mucus in digestive and respiratory tracts
- Milk from mammary glands also involves some apocrine secretion

165
Q

Apocrine secretion

A

Involves shedding some cytoplasm and secretory vesicles
Gland cell grows and repairs before more releases
Examples
- Observed in lipid droplet secretion in lactating mammary glands of many mammals

166
Q

Holocrine secretion

A

Entire gland cell packed with secretory vesicles
Cell bursts
- Releases secretion
- Kills cell
Cells replaced by stem cells
Example
- Secretions of sebaceous glands (oil glands) *Produced by oily secretion (sebum) to coat skin and hair

167
Q

Glycoproteins

A

Cell-adhesion molecules
Help cells stick to each other and to hold them in place in the matrix;
Bind membrane proteins to protoglycans and protein fibers in matrix

168
Q

What skin layer

A

Epidermis

169
Q

What skin layer

A

Dermis

170
Q

What layer

A

Hypodermis

171
Q

What specific skin layer

A

Stratum corneum

172
Q

What specific skin layer

A

Stratum lucidum

173
Q

What specific skin layer

A

Stratum granulosum

174
Q

What specific skin layer

A

Stratum spinosum

175
Q

What specific skin layer

A

Stratum basale

176
Q

What specific structure

A

Tactile (Meissner’s) corpuscle

177
Q

What specific structure

A

Lamellated (Pacinian) corpuscle

178
Q

What specific structure

A

Bare nerve endings (sensory)

179
Q

What specific structure

A

Nerve endings (motor)

180
Q

What specific structure

A

Arrector pili muscle

181
Q

What specific structures

A

Capillaries

182
Q

What specific structure

A

Merocrine (eccrine) sweat gland

183
Q

What specific structure

A

Apocrine sweat gland

184
Q

What specific structure

A

Sebaceous gland (oil gland)

185
Q

What specific structure

A

Hair follicle

186
Q

What specific structure

A

Hair shaft (of hair)

187
Q

What specific structure

A

Hair bulb (of hair follicle)

188
Q

What specific layer

A

Connective tissue sheath (of follicle) (AKA dermal root sheath)

189
Q

What specific layer

A

Glassy membrane (of follicle); basement membrane; separates external root sheath from dermal root sheath

190
Q

What specific layer

A

External root sheath (of follicle) (outer layer of epithelial root sheath)

191
Q

What specific layer

A

Internal root sheath (of follicle) (inner layer of epithelial root sheath)

192
Q

What specific layer

A

Cuticle (of hair)

193
Q

What specific layer

A

Cortex (of hair)

194
Q

What specific layer

A

Medulla (of hair)

195
Q

What specific structure

A

Hair papilla (provides nutrients to dividing hair matrix cells)

196
Q

What specific structure

A

Hair root nerve plexus (senses movement of hair)

197
Q

What specific skin layer

A

Stratum corneum

198
Q

What specific skin layer

A

Stratum lucidum (found only in thick skin)

199
Q

What specific skin layer

A

Stratum granulosum

200
Q

What specific skin layer

A

Stratum spinosum

201
Q

What specific skin layer

A

Stratum basale

202
Q

What cell type

A

Melanocyte

203
Q

What cell type

A

Merkel cell

204
Q

What skin layer

A

Epidermis

205
Q

What skin layer

A

Dermis

206
Q

What specific skin layer

A

Papillary layer (of dermis)

207
Q

What specific skin layer

A

Reticular layer (of dermis)

208
Q

Integumentary system

A

Composed of skin, hair, nails, various glands

209
Q

Epidermis

A

Stratified squamous epithelium

210
Q

Dermis

A

Connective tissue (adipose, areolar, dense irregular)

211
Q

Stratum basale

A

AKA Stratum germinativum
Deepest layer of epidermis
Important cells:
- Basal cells – stem cells
- Merkel cells – sensitive to touch
- Melanocytes – synthesize melanin

212
Q

Stratum lucidum

A

Flat dead cells filled with keratin
Found ONLY in thick skin
Layer is translucent
- lucidum means “light”

213
Q

Stratum corneum

A

15-30 cell layers thick (thicker in thick skin)
Cells flattened and dead (filled with keratin)
- Called keratinized cells (cornified or horny cells)
Cells tightly connected by desmosomes
- Often shed in groups or sheets

214
Q

Stratum granulosum

A

4-6 layers thick of keratinocytes
Cells have stopped dividing
Cells flatten out
Nuclei and other organelles degenerate
Accumulate granules
- 1 type of granules helps form keratin (from pre-keratin) in superficial layers
- First step in keratinization
Cells connected by desmosomes and tight junctions

215
Q

Stratum spinosum (spiny layer)

A

Several layers of keratinocytes (prickle cells)
- Connected by many desmosomes attached to protein fibers of cytoskeleton (look spiky)
Cells filled with pre-keratin filaments and melanin granules
Also contains dendritic cells (Langerhans cells)

216
Q

Simple squamous epithelium location

A

Lines body cavities

(as mesothelium or serous membranes such as peritoneum, pleura and pericardium)
endothelium, bowmans’s capsules, loop of hanle in kidney tubules, alveoli, and inner surface of the eardrum

217
Q

Simple cuboidal epithelium location

A

Many glands including liver, pancreas, salivary glands, pigmented epithelium of retina, tubules of kidney, choroids plexus of brain, terminal bronchioles of lungs, surface of ovaries

218
Q

Simple columnar epithelium location

A

GI tract, gallbladder, bronchioles of lungs, auditory tubes, uterus, uterine tubes, stomach, bile ducts, ventricles of the brain

219
Q

Stratified squamous epithelium location

A

Keratinized: Epidermis
Moist: mucous membranes which line all openings of the body including, mouth, nose, end of urethra, anus, vagina, esophagus, cornea, conjunctiva

220
Q

Stratified cuboidal epithelium location

A

Tubules of testes, follicles of ovaries, sweat gland ducts, salivary gland ducts

221
Q

Stratified columnar epithelium location

A

Small amounts found where simple columnar meets startified squamous, as in the pharynx & larynx, mammary gland duct, portions of male urethra

222
Q

Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium location

A

Air passageways down to alveoli, fallopian tubes

223
Q

Pseudostratifed (nonciliated) columnar epithelium location

A

Male reproductive tract: epididymis and vas epithelium (with stereocilia) deferens

224
Q

Transitional epithelium location

A

Urinary bladder, ureter, superior urethra

225
Q

Areolar tissue location

A

The supporting tissue below all apithelial basement membranes, packing between glands, muscles and nerves

226
Q

Adipose tissue location

A

Subcutaneous fat, breast, yellow bone marrow
Around numerous organs such as the heart, kidneys, greater omentum, attached to the surface of the colon

227
Q

Reticular tissue location

A

Supports capillaries, and nerve endings, the framework of sinusosides, as in liver, lymphoid tissues, and bone marrow, endomysium, perineurium, perichondrium, endoneurium
Within the lymph nodes, spleen, and bone marrow

228
Q

Regular dense connective tissue location

A

Tendons & ligaments; ligaments between the vertebrae and along the dorsal aspect of the neck and in the vocal cords

229
Q

Irregular dense connective tissue location

A

Most of the dermis, capsules
Sheaths and septa of epimysium, perimysium, epineurium, perineurium, perichondrium, and periosteum

230
Q

Hyaline cartilage location

A

Fetal skeleton, costal cartilages, tip of nose, growing long bones (epiphyseal growth plates), ends of long bones, large cartilages of larynx such as thyroid and cricoid articular cartilages

231
Q

Elastic cartilage location

A

Smaller cartilages of larynx (epiglottis), auditory tube, auricles of external ear

232
Q

Fibrocartilages location

A

Intervertebral disks, pubic symphysis, articular disks (temporomandibular joint)

233
Q

Cancellous/spongy bone location

A

Interior of skull bones, vertebrae, sternum, pelvis and long bones (in epiphysis)

234
Q

Compact bone location

A

Outer portions of all bones and shaft of long bones

235
Q

Blood location

A

In blood vessels and heart

236
Q

What section name

A

Cuticle

Outer most layer of hair. Made from hard a single layer of keratinoxytes arranged like shingles

237
Q

What section name

A

Cortex

Made up of hard keratin.

238
Q

What section name

A

Medulla

Present only in thick hairs like the ones on your head
Made up of soft keratin, same type of keratin found in epidermis

239
Q

Vellus hair

A

Thin, nonpigmented hair found over most of the body

240
Q

Terminal hair

A

Thicker, coarser and pigmented hair
Found on the skalp and around the eyes

After puberty much of the cell us hair is replaced with terminal hair (90% in males, 35% in females)

241
Q

Simple squamous epithelium location

A

Lines body cavities

(as mesothelium or serous membranes such as peritoneum, pleura and pericardium)
endothelium, bowmans’s capsules, loop of hanle in kidney tubules, alveoli, and inner surface of the eardrum

242
Q

Simple cuboidal epithelium location

A

Many glands including liver, pancreas, salivary glands, pigmented epithelium of retina, tubules of kidney, choroids plexus of brain, terminal bronchioles of lungs, surface of ovaries

243
Q

Simple columnar epithelium location

A

GI tract, gallbladder, bronchioles of lungs, auditory tubes, uterus, uterine tubes, stomach, bile ducts, ventricles of the brain

244
Q

Stratified squamous epithelium location

A

Keratinized: Epidermis
Moist: mucous membranes which line all openings of the body including, mouth, nose, end of urethra, anus, vagina, esophagus, cornea, conjunctiva

245
Q

Stratified cuboidal epithelium location

A

Tubules of testes, follicles of ovaries, sweat gland ducts, salivary gland ducts

246
Q

Stratified columnar epithelium location

A

Small amounts found where simple columnar meets startified squamous, as in the pharynx & larynx, mammary gland duct, portions of male urethra

247
Q

Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium location

A

Air passageways down to alveoli, fallopian tubes

248
Q

Pseudostratifed (nonciliated) columnar epithelium location

A

Male reproductive tract: epididymis and vas epithelium (with stereocilia) deferens

249
Q

Transitional epithelium location

A

Urinary bladder, ureter, superior urethra

250
Q

Areolar tissue location

A

The supporting tissue below all apithelial basement membranes, packing between glands, muscles and nerves

251
Q

Adipose tissue location

A

Subcutaneous fat, breast, yellow bone marrow
Around numerous organs such as the heart, kidneys, greater omentum, attached to the surface of the colon

252
Q

Reticular tissue location

A

Supports capillaries, and nerve endings, the framework of sinusosides, as in liver, lymphoid tissues, and bone marrow, endomysium, perineurium, perichondrium, endoneurium
Within the lymph nodes, spleen, and bone marrow

253
Q

Regular dense connective tissue location

A

Tendons & ligaments; ligaments between the vertebrae and along the dorsal aspect of the neck and in the vocal cords

254
Q

Irregular dense connective tissue location

A

Most of the dermis, capsules
Sheaths and septa of epimysium, perimysium, epineurium, perineurium, perichondrium, and periosteum

255
Q

Hyaline cartilage location

A

Fetal skeleton, costal cartilages, tip of nose, growing long bones (epiphyseal growth plates), ends of long bones, large cartilages of larynx such as thyroid and cricoid articular cartilages

256
Q

Elastic cartilage location

A

Smaller cartilages of larynx (epiglottis), auditory tube, auricles of external ear

257
Q

Fibrocartilages location

A

Intervertebral disks, pubic symphysis, articular disks (temporomandibular joint)

258
Q

Cancellous/spongy bone location

A

Interior of skull bones, vertebrae, sternum, pelvis and long bones (in epiphysis)

259
Q

Compact bone location

A

Outer portions of all bones and shaft of long bones

260
Q

Blood location

A

In blood vessels and heart