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A&P 1 > Bone tissue/other info > Flashcards

Bone tissue/other info Flashcards

1
Q

What tissue

A

Compact bone

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2
Q

What structure

A

Osteon (Haversian system)

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3
Q

What structure

A

Central (Haversian) canal

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4
Q

What cell type

A

Osteocyte (in lacuna)

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5
Q

What structure

A

(containing cytoplasmic extensions of osteocytes) Canaliculi

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6
Q

What structure

A

(containing blood vessels and nerves)
Perforating (Volkmann’s) canal

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7
Q

What structure

A

(Containing blood vessels and nerves)
Central (Haversian) canal

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8
Q

What tissue

A

Spongy (cancellous) bone

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9
Q

Concentric rings of calcified material

A

Lamellae

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10
Q

What structure

A

Diaphysis

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11
Q

What structure

A

Epiphysis

Know both pictures

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12
Q

What Cavity

A

Medullary cavity
(filled with yellow bone marrow)

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13
Q

What tissue

A

Articular cartilage (composed of hyaline cartilage)

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14
Q

What tissue

A

Compact bone

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15
Q

What tissue

A

Spongy (cancellous) bone
(filled with red bone marrow)

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16
Q

What membrane lining bone surface

A

Periosteum

Know both pictures

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17
Q

Membrane lining cavity

A

Endosteum

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18
Q

Hematopoiesis

A

Red and white blood cell production
Produced in red bone marrow (found in spongy bone)

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19
Q

Calcium level

A

9 - 11 mg/100ml

Ca(ll) 911

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20
Q

Hypocalcemia

A

Low blood calcium levels

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21
Q

Hypercalcemia

A

High blood calcium levels

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22
Q

Organic components

A

(about 35%)
Extracellular protein fibers (mainly collagen)

Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) and proteoglycans (protein core with GAGs attached)

Without organic components bone will shatter

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23
Q

Inorganic components

A

(about 65%)
Hydroxyapatite – crystalline pattern formed by calcium and phosphate salts (obtained from diet)

Without inorganic components bone could not hold our weight

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24
Q

Osteogenics

A

Stem cells found in periosteum and Endosteum
Able to change into osteoblasts

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25
Q

Osteocytes

A

Mature bone cells
- Secrete chemicals that maintain the bone extracellular matrix
- Most abundant cells in the bone
- Spider-shaped
- Reside in lacunae

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26
Q

Osteoblasts

A

Bone cells that produce new bone through ossification (osteogenesis)
Become osteocytes when surrounded/trapped by bone matrix

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27
Q

Osteoclasts

A

Large cells on internal and external bone surface
Secretes acid and enzymes to break down and dissolve the bone matrix
- Found in shallow depressions on bones

28
Q

Primary bone

A

AKA woven bone
Forms first in the womb and during repair after fractures
Composed of irregularly arranged collagen fibers, maybe osteocytes, not much inorganic matrix making the bones less rigid

Primary bone gets broken down by osteoclasts over time and replaced by secondary bone

29
Q

Secondary bone

A

AKA Lamellar bone
This is your permanent bone
Contains Lamellae and regularly arranged parallel collagen fibers, making this bone much stronger than primary bone
2 types of secondary bone:
- Compact
- Spongy

30
Q

What bone category

A

Long bone - bone is longer than it is wide
(Humerus)

31
Q

What bone category

A

Short bone - bone is about as long as it is wide
(Trapezium / carpal bone)

32
Q

What bone category

A

Irregular bone - bone’s shape does not fit into other classes

33
Q

What bone category

A

Flat bone – bone is broad, flat, and thin

34
Q

What bone category

A

Sesamoid bone – round, flat bone found within tendons

35
Q

Periosteum

A

Found on the outside of bones
- Protects the bone
- Blood vessels and nerves found in it before going into the bone
- Provides attachment sites for tendons and ligaments

36
Q

Homogenous

A

Of the same or a similar kind or nature

“Compact bone appears homogenous”

37
Q

Diaphysis

A

The central shaft (region) of long bones
- Surrounds the medullary (marrow) cavity
- Medularry cavity normally filled with yellow bone marrow

38
Q

Epiphyses

A

The expanded portions at end of long bones
- Articulate (to make a connection) with a bone at a joint
- articular cartilage on the outside of the ends of the bone

39
Q

Articular cartilage

A

Hyaline cartilage that helps reduce friction at joints

40
Q

Endosteum

A

Membrane that lines the inner surface of the bone and the outer portion of the medullary cavity
- bone cells help maintain proper bone structure in growth and remodeling

41
Q

Intramembranous ossification

A

The cranium and clavicles form this way
“Membrane bones” - having developed in a fibrous membrane made up of mesenchyme

42
Q

Intramembranous ossification
Step 1

A

Connective tissue stem cells group together at the primary ossification center and change into osteogenic cells which start to form osteoblasts

43
Q

Intramembranous ossification
Step 2

A

Osteoblasts make the bone matrix and become osteocytes once trapped

44
Q

Intramembranous ossification
Step 3

A

Primary spongy bone forms
Periosteum forms

45
Q

Intramembranous ossification
Step 4

A

Eary compact bone forms

46
Q

Endochondral ossification

A

Hyaline cartilage if replaced by bone offering in primary ossification centers
These are cartilage bones which is how most bones are formed

47
Q

Endochondral ossification step 1

A

Blood vessels grow and surround the hyaline cartilage
Chondroblasts from the Perichondrium starts to change and form osteogenic cells which then creates the bone matrix
Perichondrium turns to the periosteum

48
Q

Endochondral ossification step 2

A

Osteoblasts begin to make bone matrix and surround the cartilage bone forming a ring
Chondrocytes start to calcify as more bone matrix forms due blood supply being cut off

49
Q

Endochondral ossification step 3

A

Osteoclasts dig holes so that blood vessels can get through the bone collar
The blood brings nutrients and osteoblasts so that more bone can form inside the collar
Medullary cavity starts to form

50
Q

Endochondral ossification step 4

A

Osteoclasts break down most of the newly formed spongy bone to enlarge the medullary cavity
Most of the ossification is complete besides growth plates (epiphyseal plate)

51
Q

Epiphyseal plate

A

Hyaline cartilage between the epiphyses and diaphysis allows for growth long ways by chondrocytes dividing

52
Q

diploe

A

Inner layer of spongy bone in flat bones

53
Q

Resting zone

A

Aka Reserve cartilage
Part of the growth plate
Chondrocytes not diviting

54
Q

Proliferation zone

A

Chondrocytes dividing and new cells pushed towards diaphysis
Due to resistance of the solid diaphysis the epiphysis is pushed in the other direction

55
Q

Hypertrophic zone

A

The older chondrocytes enlarge

56
Q

Calcification zone

A

The chondrocytes die which causes them to calcify
Blood vessels invade the cavities

57
Q

Ossification zone

A

The calcified cartilage is replaced by bone tissue

58
Q

Appositional growth

A

Growth in diameter of bones
Occurs as bones grow in length

59
Q

Vitamin A

A

Stimulates osteoclast activity

60
Q

Vitamin C

A

Is needed in order to make collagen

61
Q

Vitamin D

A

Assists with increasing absorption of calcium in digestive tract to raise the calcium levels in the body

62
Q

Vitamin K

A

Increases bone desposition by stimulating activity of osteoblasts

63
Q

Human growth hormone

A

AKA - HGH
Produced by pituitary gland; increases general tissue growth which bone is very sensitive to

64
Q

Thyroid hormone

A

AKA - Thyroxine
Determines metabolic rate (of all reactions in the body)

65
Q

Sex hormones

A

AKA - Estrogen, Testosterone
Increases longitudinal growth and plate closure
Testosterone increases appositional growth

A&P 1 (19 decks)

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