neuro lab stuff Flashcards by ArcherGirlDaisy Unknown

Sensory input

Monitors internal and external environments & changes
Monitored by approximately 1 million sensors

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Integrates sensory information

Processes info; decides what should be done
Some processesing is uncontious and some is contious

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Motor output

Coordinates voluntary and involuntary responses by activating effectors (muscles & glands)

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CNS

Central nervous system
Brain and spinal cord
Very fragile and surrounded by membranes

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PNS

Peripheral nervous system
All the nervous tissue outside of CNS
12 pairs cranial nerves
31 pairs spinal nerves and branches
(not all the nerves in the body)

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Afferent Division

AKA Sensory division
Going towards the CNS
is apart of PNS

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Efferent division

AKA motor division
Going away from CNS
is apart of PNS

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Somatic sensory division

Stimuli from muscles, bones, joints, skin & special senses
Is apart of Afferent division
Sending information towards CNS
somatic = coming in from the body

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Visceral sensory division

Stimuli from viceral (internal) organs
Is apart of Afferent division
Sends information towards CNS

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Somatic motor division

Voluntary
Controls skeletal muscles
From CNS
is apart of Efferent division

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Autonomic nervous system (ANS)

Controls smooth and cardiac muscle & glands
All involuntary
From CNS
is apart of Efferent division

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Sympathetic division

Mobilizes body systems during activity
Involved in response during perceived threat (fight or flight response)
is apart of autonomic nervous system

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Parasympathetic division

Conserves energy
Involved in house keeping ductions during rest (rest & digest system)
restores body to state of calm
is apart of autonomic nervous system

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Glial cells

Makes up about half the nervous tissue
Supports the neurons
4 types in CNS
2 types in PNS

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Astrocytes

Glial cells in CNS
Star shaped; largest & most common
Projections wrap around capillaries which anchors neurons and capillaries in place (internal background scaffolding)
Helps transport nutrients and gases from blood vessels to neurons
Able to divide and repair damaged brain tissue
Maintains blood brain barrier

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Maintaining blood brain barrier

Astrocytes
Isolates CNS from general blood circulation
Surround and induce capillary cells to form tight junctions which hormones, amino acids and ions cannot pass through. This prevents them interfering with neuron function
EX: some hormones & amino acids are neurotransmitters
EX: helps keep bacteria and viruses out on neurons

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Oligodendrocytes

Glial cell in CNS
Form sheet of myelin to insulate CNS axons which helps increase speed of action potentials
Lipid (fat) rich substance
Each cell wraps segments of several axons

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White matter

Are myelinated axons
Axons surrounded by Oligodendrocytes or Schwann cells

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Gray matter

Gray/brown color
Unmyelinated cell bodies, dendrites, axons, cell bodies (short axons are usually unmyelinated)
Not surrounded by any glial cells

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Microglial

Glial cell in CNS
Smallest and rarest of CNS glial cells
Phagocytosis cells - engulfs invaders in CNS and cellular waste
Moves through nervous tissue

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Ependymal cells

Glial cells in CNS
Simple cuboidal epithelium
Lines cavities in CNS filled with CSF — over capillaries of the choroid plexus
Secretes CSF in some areas
Circulates CST in CNS with cilia in other areas

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Satellite cells

Glial cells in PNS
Surround and support neuron cell bodies in PNS
Processes link them with other parts of neuron, other satellite cells, nearby Schwann cells
Function not entirely understood — may regulate extracellular environment similar to Astrocytes in CNS

Schwann cells

Glial cells in PNS
Cover axons in PNS with myelin sheath (similar to Oligodendrocytes)
Neurilemma = outer surface of Schwann cell myelinating an axon
Does not fully wrap around axon. Thick of a hot dog bun.
In some cases Schwann cells sandwich several axons but do not wrap fully around them

Membrane potential

Difference in electrical charge between the extracellular fluid and cytoplasm near the plasma membrane

Resting membrane potential

Membrane potential of undisturbed cell - haven’t done anything to the cell yet Resting potential of a neuron = -70 mV

Sodium. When Na + its positively charged

Potassium When K+ means positively charged

Chloride When Cl- means negatively charged

Leak channels

Always open Allows for only certain ions to travel through certain channels Ions move through the leak channels at the natural pull and push of the charges or chemical gradient

Gated channels

Open or close under specific conditions Listed on next flash cards

Ligand gated ion channels

EX: acetylcholine receptors (muscle fibers) Only opens when neurotransmitter attaches to gated channel

Voltage gated ion channels

EX: voltage gated Na+ channels Depolarization opens channels which can cause further depolarization

Passive ion movement

Happens through leak channels Influenced by chemical and electrical gradients Na+ attracted into cell by the negative charge K+ moved out of cell due to chemical gradient K+ diffuses out faster than Na+ enters

Gradients

Physical difference in a property of 2 connected regions of space

Polarized

Difference in electrical charge on one side vs the other side

Sodium potassium pump exchange

3 Na+ out of the cell for every 2 K+ in the cell Na+ and K+ leak back across the membrane but K+ moves out faster than sodium enters The sodium potassium pump moved the ions against their natural movement through leak channels

Na+ leak channel

Always open Only allowed sodium to pass through. Sodium leaks into the cell to get to the negative charge (Na(h) fam, come on in!)

K+ leak channel

Always open Only allows potassium to pass through Potassium leaks out of the cell due to the chemical gradient. (K(icking) out potassium from the cell)

Polarized neuron

Cell is at -70mV it is "polished" and ready to go

Depolarized neuron

Cell voltage is shifting towards zero, moving towards the threshold of -55mV

Hyperpolarized neuron

Cell voltage is shifting further negative

EPSP

Excitatory postsynaptic potential Voltage moves towards zero and threshold (You are excited. Your adrenaline is going is going up)

IPSP

Inhibitory postsynaptic potential Moves voltage more negative. Is the reset button when we get a small increase in voltage in the cell

Ependymal cell

Simple cuboidal with cilia Circulates cerebrospinal fluid with the cilia

Wernicke's area

Integrative speech area Integrates sensory info to understand language Damaging this part of the brain affects ability to interpret what is read or heard

Broca's area

Speech center Regulates motor functions needed to produce speech Damaging this part of the brain affects ability to form words

Association fibers

Connect areas of cerebral cortex within SAME cerebral hemisphere (side of brain)

Commissural fibers

Connect one hemisphere to the other Form cerebral commissures (e.g. corpus callosum)

Projection fibers

Connect cerebrum to spinal cord Most (sensory and motor) cross over to the other side. EX: right hemisphere controls left side of the body

Limbic system

AKA emotional brain Participates in: Memory, learning, behavior, emotion : reaction of feeling nervous (butterflies in stomach) & being scared : Ability to read emotions in someone else

Fornix

Primary white matter output tract for the limbic system

Limbic lobe

Made up of Cingulate gyri and Parahippocampal gyrus Gray matter cortex involved in memory formation and retrieval, emotion and learning

Hippocampus

Nucleus involved in learning and memory

Amygdala

Nucleus involved in behavioral expression of emotion, particularly fear