intro into anatomy Flashcards
Anatomy
study of internal and external structures of organisms and relationships among body parts
- -literally means “cutting open”
- -Divided into:
- —Gross anatomy (macroscopic) big
- —Microscopic
Physiology
Study of function of organisms
- -interrelated with anatomy
- —anatomy gives clues about function
- —physiology is explained in terms of anatomy
Levels of biological organization within the human body
Chemical level Cellular level Tissue level Organ level Organ system level Organism level
Chemical level
atoms = smallest units of matter molecules = combining ions of 2 or more atoms
Cellular level
smallest living units of the body
–formed by a lot of molecules
Tissue level
tissues = group of similar cells working together to perform functions
- -4 major cell categories in animals
- —epithelial, connective, nervous, muscle
Organ level
functional units of the body made up of more than one tissue type
–heart, lungs, brain, teeth
Organ system level
association/group of organs that performs functions
–integumentary, nervous, endocrine
Characteristics of living things
Composed of 1 or more cells
Uses materials and energy from environment (metabolism)
–Catabolism (breaking things down)
–Anabolism (putting things together)
Maintain internal constancy through homeostasis
Respond to stimuli
Movement (of parts or substances)
Grow (growth by cell division in multicellular organisms)
Reproduce
Catabolism
Breaking things down
– cats like to break things
Anabolism
Putting things together.
Opposite of Catabolism
Homeostasis
= process by which organisms keep internal conditions relatively constant, despite what external conditions are
Internal conditions maintained so chemical reactions (metabolism) can occur fast enough for the organism to stay alive
Negative feedback Homeostasis
Changing the direction in which the body was headed, change in a variable causes a response that counteracts that change
- -Hypothalamus coordinates much of the negative feedback in the body
- —Monitors BP, O2 level, body temp, salt concentration in body fluids
Positive feedback loop Homeostasis
When change in a variable causes a response that reinforces or amplifies the change
- -only a few biological examples
- -blood clotting; uterine contractions during childbirth
Integumentary system
Hair, Skin, Nails
Protects the body from external environment
Produces vitamin D
Retains water
Regulates body temp
Skeletal system
Bones, Joints
Supports the body Protects internal organs Provides leverage for movement produces blood cells stores calcium salts
Muscular System
Skeletal muscles
Produces movement
Controls body openings
Generates heat
Nervous system
Brain, spinal cord, nerves
Regulates body fuctions
Provides sensation, movement, automatic functions and higher mental functions via nerve impulses
Endocrine system
Pineal gland, Hypothalamus, Pituitary gland, Thyroid gland, Thymus gland, Adrenal glands, Pancreas, Ovaries (female), Testes (male)
Regulates body functions
Regulates the functions of muscles, glands, and other tissues through the secretion of chemicals called homones
Cardiovascular system
Blood vessels, Heart
Pumps and delivers oxygen-poor blood to the lungs and oxygen-rich blood to the tissues
Removes wastes from the tissues
Transports cells, nutrients, and other substances
Lymphatic system
Tonsils, Lymph nodes, Thymus, Spleen, Lymphatic vessels
Returns excess tissue fluid to the cardiovascular system provides immunity (protection against disease)
Digestive system
Mouth, Salivary glands, Esophagus, Liver, Stomach, Gallbladder, Pancreas, Large intestine, Small intestine
Digests food
Absorbs nutrients into the blood
Removes food waste
Maintains fluid, electrolyte, and acid-base balance
Respiratory system
Nasal cavity, Pharynx, Larynx, Trachea, Lungs
Delivers oxygen to the blood
Removes carbon dioxide from the body
Maintains the acid-base balance of the blood
Urinary system
Kidneys, ureters, Urinary bladder, Urethra
Removes metabolic wastes from the blood
Maintains fluid, electrolyte, and acid-base balance
Stimulates blood cell production
Reproductive system: Male
Prostate gland, Doctus deferens, Testis, Penis
Produces and transports sperm
Secretes hormones
Sexual function
Reproductive system: Female
Mammary glands, Uterine tube, Ovary, Uterus, Vagina
Produces and transports oocytes (eggs)
Site of fetal development, fetal nourishment, childbirth, and lactation
Secretes hormones
Sexual function
