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Anatomy and Physiology Test #1 > Test #1 > Flashcards

Test #1 Flashcards

1
Q

Hypothesis

A

idea or principle to be tested in experiments

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2
Q

Experiment

A

series of tests of a hypothesis, a controlled experiment eliminates biases or outside influences

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3
Q

Theory

A

A hypothesis that has been proved by experiments to have a high degree of confidence

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4
Q

Law

A

a theory that has an unusually high level of confidence

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5
Q

Anatomy

A

study of the structure and shape of the body and its parts and their relationship to one another

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6
Q

Gross Anatomy

A

study of the body and its parts that relies only on what the eye can see as a tool for observation

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7
Q

Microscopic Anatomy

A

study of body parts with a microscope

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8
Q

Cytology

A

study of cells

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9
Q

Histology

A

study of tissues

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10
Q

Developmental Anatomy

A

study of human growth and development

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11
Q

Pathological Anatomy

A

study of diseased body structures

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12
Q

Systemic Anatomy

A

study of the body by systems

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13
Q

Physiology

A

study of how the body and its parts work or function

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14
Q

Subdivisions of Physiology

A
  • organism involved
  • Organizational Level
  • Systemic function
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15
Q

Organism Involved

A

human or plant physiology

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16
Q

Organizational Level

A

Molecular or cellular physiology

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17
Q

Systemic Function

A

respiratory physiology, neurophysiology, or cardiovascular physiology

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18
Q

Autopoiesis

A

living organisms are self organized and self maintaining

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19
Q

Cell Theory

A

If the entity is made of one or more cells, it is alive

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20
Q

Characteristics of Life

A

considered most important in human beings are summarized as responsiveness, conductivity, growth, respiration, digestion, absorption, secretion, excretion, circulation, reproduction

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21
Q

Metabolism

A

sum total of all physical and chemical reactions occurring in the living body

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22
Q

Levels of Organization

List all 7 in order.

A
  • Chemical
  • Organelle
  • Cellular
  • Tissue
  • Organ
  • System
  • Organisms
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23
Q

Bilateral Symmetry

A

term meaning that right and left sides of the body are mirror images

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24
Q

Ipsilateral

A

Structures are on the same side of the body in anatomical position

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25
Q

Contralateral

A

structures are on opposite sides of the body in anatomical position

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26
Q

Body Cavities (2)

A

Ventral and Dorsal

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27
Q

Subdivisions of Ventral Cavity (2)

A

Thoracic: right and left pleural cavities & Mediastinum)
Abdominopelvic: Abdominal and Pelvic Cavities

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28
Q

Subdivisions of Dorsal Cavity (2)

A

Cranial and Spinal Cavity

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29
Q

Parts of Axial Subdivision (3)

A

Head, Neck, Torso

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30
Q

Parts of Appendicular Subdivision (2)

A

Upper and Lower extremities

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31
Q

Axial

A

Main part of Body

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32
Q

Appendicular

A

Limbs

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33
Q

Abdominopelvic Quadrants

A

Right Upper and Lower; Left Upper and Lower

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34
Q

Superior

A

Up

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35
Q

Inferior

A

Down

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36
Q

Anterior

A

Front

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37
Q

Posterior

A

Back

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38
Q

Distal

A

Away

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39
Q

Proximal

A

closest to point of attachment

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40
Q

Medial

A

Towards

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41
Q

Superficial

A

Near the surface

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42
Q

Deep

A

Away from the surface

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43
Q

Lumen

A

Hollow area of any hollow organ

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44
Q

Central

A

Near the center

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45
Q

Peripheral

A

Around the boundary

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46
Q

Medullary

A

Inner region of the organ

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47
Q

Cortical

A

Outer region or layer of an organ

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48
Q

Apical/Apex

A

Narrow tip of an organ

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49
Q

Basal/Base

A

base, widest part of the organ

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50
Q

Sagittal Plane

A

runs front to back; sections through this plane divide the body into right and left sides

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51
Q

Frontal Plane

A

runs lengthwise and divides the body into anterior and posterior portions

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52
Q

Transverse

A

crosswise plane that divides the body into upper and lower parts

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53
Q

Somatype

A

used to describe a particular category of body build

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54
Q

Endomorph

A

Heavy, rounded physique, large accumulations of fat in the trunk and thighs

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55
Q

Mesomorph

A

muscular physique

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56
Q

Ectomorph

A

thin, fragile, little body fat accumulation

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57
Q

Homeostasis

A

used to describe the relatively constant states maintained by the body; internal environment around body cells remains constant

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58
Q

Afferent

A

Towards

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59
Q

Efferent

A

Away=Eff Off

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60
Q

Sensor mechanism

A

specific sensors detect and react to any changes from normal

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61
Q

Control Center

A

information is analyzed and integrated and a specific action is initiated to return everything to balance

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62
Q

Effector Mechanism

A

effectors directly influence controlled physiological variables

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63
Q

Feedback

A

process of information about a variable constantly flowing back from the sensor to the integrator

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64
Q

Negative Feedback Characteristics

A
  • are inhibitory
  • Stabilize physiological variables
  • Produce an action opposite to the change that activated the system
  • Are responsible for maintaining homeostasis
  • More common than positive feedback control systems
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65
Q

Positive Feedback Characteristics

A
  • are stimulatory
  • amplify or reinforce the change that is occurring
  • Tend to produce destabilizing effects and disrupts homeostasis
  • Bring specific body functions to swift completion
  • labour and blood clotting only!
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66
Q

Atrophy

A

wasting effects of advancing age

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67
Q

Abdominal Body Region

A

Anterior torso below diaphragm

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68
Q

Acromial

A

Shoulder

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69
Q

Antebrachial

A

Forearm

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70
Q

Antecubital

A

Depressed area just in front of elbow

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71
Q

Axillary

A

Armpit

72
Q

Brachial

A

Upper part of arm

73
Q

Buccal

A

Cheek (inside)

74
Q

Calcaneal

A

Heal of Foot

75
Q

Carpal

A

Wrist

76
Q

Cephalic

A

Head

77
Q

Cervical

A

Neck

78
Q

Coxal

A

Hip

79
Q

Cranial

A

Skull

80
Q

Manual

A

Hand

81
Q

Mental

A

Chin

82
Q

Nasal

A

Nose

83
Q

Navel

A

Area around navel

84
Q

Occipital

A

Back of lower part of skull

85
Q

Olecranal

A

Back of elbow

86
Q

Oral

A

Mouth

87
Q

Orbital

A

Eyes

88
Q

Otic

A

Ear

89
Q

Palmar

A

Palm of Hand

90
Q

Patellar

A

Front of Knee

91
Q

Pedal

A

Foot

92
Q

Pelvic

A

Lower portion of torso

93
Q

Crural

A

Leg

94
Q

Cubital

A

Elbow

95
Q

Cutaneous

A

Skin

96
Q

Digital

A

Fingers or toes

97
Q

Dorsal

A

Back

98
Q

Facial

A

Face

99
Q

Femoral

A

Thigh

100
Q

Frontal

A

Forehead

101
Q

Gluteal

A

Butt

102
Q

Hallux

A

Great toe

103
Q

Inguinal

A

Groin

104
Q

Lumbar

A

Lower back

105
Q

Mammary

A

Tits/Breasts

106
Q

Perineal

A

Area between anus and genitals

107
Q

Plantar

A

Sole of foot

108
Q

Pollex

A

Thumb

109
Q

Popliteal

A

Area behind knee

110
Q

Pubic

A

Pubis

111
Q

Supraclavicular

A

Area above clavicle

112
Q

Sural

A

Calf

113
Q

Tarsal

A

Ankle

114
Q

Temporal

A

Side of skull

115
Q

Thoracic

A

Chest

116
Q

Zygomatic

A

Cheek

117
Q

Pathophysiology

A

organized study of the underlying physiological processes associated with disease

118
Q

Genetic Mechanisms

A

Altered, or mutated genes can cause abnormal proteins

119
Q

Pathogenic Mechanisms

A

Particles that damage the body in some way

120
Q

Signs

A

Objective abnormalities that can be seen or measured by someone other than the patient

121
Q

Symptoms

A

abnormalities that are felt only by the patient

122
Q

Syndrome

A

Collection of different signs and symptoms that occur together

123
Q

Acute

A

Short term

124
Q

Chronic

A

Develop slowly and last for a long time

125
Q

Etiology

A

study of diseases

126
Q

Idiopathic

A

Diseases with undetermined causes

127
Q

Communicable Diseases

A

those that can be transmitted from one person to another

128
Q

Pathogenesis

A

Disease’s development

129
Q

Incubation

A

No signs of symptoms

130
Q

Remission

A

Reversal of a chronic disease

131
Q

Epidemiology

A

study of the occurence, distribution, and transmission of diseases in human populations

132
Q

Endemic

A

Diseases that is native to a local region

133
Q

Epidemic

A

Disease spreads to many individuals in a relatively short time

134
Q

Pandemic

A

epidemics that affect large geographic regions

135
Q

Biochemistry

A

field of chem that deals with living organisms and life processes

136
Q

Organic Compounds Characteristics (3)

A
  • Contain Carbon
  • Covalently Bonded
  • Includes carbs, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids
137
Q

Inorganic Compounds Characteristics (3)

A
  • No Carbon
  • Simple compounds
  • Water, electrolytes
138
Q

Matter

A

anything that has mass and occupies space

139
Q

Element

A

substance that cannot be broken down into 2 or more different substances

140
Q

Compound

A

atoms of two or more elements joined to form chemical combinations. Can be broken down.

141
Q

Atomic Structure

A

atoms contain several different kinds of subatomic particles (protons, neutrons, electrons

142
Q

Atomic Number

A

Number of protons in an atom’s nucleus

143
Q

Atomic Weight

A

Mass of a single atom

144
Q

Cloud Model

A

Electrons form a cloud around the nucleus

145
Q

Bohr Model

A

model resembling planets revolving around the sun.

146
Q

Chemically Inert

A

not chemically active

147
Q

Octet Rule

A

atoms with fewer than 8 or more than 8 electrons in the outer energy level will attempt to lose, gain or share electrons

148
Q

Radioactive Isotopes

A

unstable isotope that undergoes nuclear breakdown and emits nuclear particles and radiation

149
Q

Isotopes

A

element contains the same number of protons but different numbers of neutrons

150
Q

Chemical Reaction

A

interaction btw 2 or more atoms that occurs as a result of activity between electrons in their outermost energy levels

151
Q

Molecule

A

2 or more atoms joined together

152
Q

Compound

A

molescules formed by atoms of two or more elements

153
Q

Ionic Bond

A

formed by transfer of electrons, strong electrostatic force that binds positive/negatively charged together

154
Q

Covalent Bond

A

formed by sharing electrons pairs between atoms

155
Q

Hydrogen Bond

A

much weaker than ionic or covalent

156
Q

Synthesis Reaction

A

combo or 2 or more substances to form a more complex substance, formation of new chemical bonds

157
Q

Decomposition Reaction

A

breakdown of a substance into 2 or more simpler substances

158
Q

Exchange Reaction

A

Decomposition of two substances and in exchange synthesis of two new compounds

159
Q

Catabolism

A

breakdown with water=hydrolysis

160
Q

Anabolism

A

join, taking water out=dehydration synthesis

161
Q

Water Characteristics (6)

A

Most abundant!!!

  • Polarity
  • High Heat
  • High Boiling Point
  • High Vaporization
  • Cohesion
  • Solvent
162
Q

pH Scale

A

Below 7=Acidic
7=Neutral
Above 7=Basic

163
Q

Monosaccharides

A

simple sugars with short carbon chains

164
Q

Disaccharides

A

Double simple sugars

165
Q

Polysaccharide

A

Complex sugars

166
Q

Meaning of “lysis”

A

breaking apart

167
Q

Tissue

A

Group of similar cells that perform a common function

168
Q

Matrix

A

Non living intercellular material

169
Q

Major Tissues of the Body (4)

A

Epithelial, Connective, Muscle, Nervous

170
Q

Extracellular Matrix

A

is a complex, nonliving material between cells in a tissue

171
Q

Components of Extracellular Matrix

A
  • Water
  • Proteins
  • Structural proteins..gives shape!
172
Q

Parietal Membranes

A

line closed body cavities

173
Q

Visceral membranes

A

cover visceral organs

174
Q

Pleura

A

surrounds lungs

175
Q

Peritoneum

A

Covers the abdominal viscera and lines the abdo cavity

Anatomy and Physiology Test #1 (18 decks)

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