Test #1 Flashcards
Hypothesis
idea or principle to be tested in experiments
Experiment
series of tests of a hypothesis, a controlled experiment eliminates biases or outside influences
Theory
A hypothesis that has been proved by experiments to have a high degree of confidence
Law
a theory that has an unusually high level of confidence
Anatomy
study of the structure and shape of the body and its parts and their relationship to one another
Gross Anatomy
study of the body and its parts that relies only on what the eye can see as a tool for observation
Microscopic Anatomy
study of body parts with a microscope
Cytology
study of cells
Histology
study of tissues
Developmental Anatomy
study of human growth and development
Pathological Anatomy
study of diseased body structures
Systemic Anatomy
study of the body by systems
Physiology
study of how the body and its parts work or function
Subdivisions of Physiology
- organism involved
- Organizational Level
- Systemic function
Organism Involved
human or plant physiology
Organizational Level
Molecular or cellular physiology
Systemic Function
respiratory physiology, neurophysiology, or cardiovascular physiology
Autopoiesis
living organisms are self organized and self maintaining
Cell Theory
If the entity is made of one or more cells, it is alive
Characteristics of Life
considered most important in human beings are summarized as responsiveness, conductivity, growth, respiration, digestion, absorption, secretion, excretion, circulation, reproduction
Metabolism
sum total of all physical and chemical reactions occurring in the living body
Levels of Organization
List all 7 in order.
- Chemical
- Organelle
- Cellular
- Tissue
- Organ
- System
- Organisms
Bilateral Symmetry
term meaning that right and left sides of the body are mirror images
Ipsilateral
Structures are on the same side of the body in anatomical position
Contralateral
structures are on opposite sides of the body in anatomical position
Body Cavities (2)
Ventral and Dorsal
Subdivisions of Ventral Cavity (2)
Thoracic: right and left pleural cavities & Mediastinum)
Abdominopelvic: Abdominal and Pelvic Cavities
Subdivisions of Dorsal Cavity (2)
Cranial and Spinal Cavity
Parts of Axial Subdivision (3)
Head, Neck, Torso
Parts of Appendicular Subdivision (2)
Upper and Lower extremities
Axial
Main part of Body
Appendicular
Limbs
Abdominopelvic Quadrants
Right Upper and Lower; Left Upper and Lower
Superior
Up
Inferior
Down
Anterior
Front
Posterior
Back
Distal
Away
Proximal
closest to point of attachment
Medial
Towards
Superficial
Near the surface
Deep
Away from the surface
Lumen
Hollow area of any hollow organ
Central
Near the center
Peripheral
Around the boundary
Medullary
Inner region of the organ
Cortical
Outer region or layer of an organ
Apical/Apex
Narrow tip of an organ
Basal/Base
base, widest part of the organ
Sagittal Plane
runs front to back; sections through this plane divide the body into right and left sides
Frontal Plane
runs lengthwise and divides the body into anterior and posterior portions
Transverse
crosswise plane that divides the body into upper and lower parts
Somatype
used to describe a particular category of body build
Endomorph
Heavy, rounded physique, large accumulations of fat in the trunk and thighs
Mesomorph
muscular physique
Ectomorph
thin, fragile, little body fat accumulation
Homeostasis
used to describe the relatively constant states maintained by the body; internal environment around body cells remains constant
Afferent
Towards
Efferent
Away=Eff Off
Sensor mechanism
specific sensors detect and react to any changes from normal
Control Center
information is analyzed and integrated and a specific action is initiated to return everything to balance
Effector Mechanism
effectors directly influence controlled physiological variables
Feedback
process of information about a variable constantly flowing back from the sensor to the integrator
Negative Feedback Characteristics
- are inhibitory
- Stabilize physiological variables
- Produce an action opposite to the change that activated the system
- Are responsible for maintaining homeostasis
- More common than positive feedback control systems
Positive Feedback Characteristics
- are stimulatory
- amplify or reinforce the change that is occurring
- Tend to produce destabilizing effects and disrupts homeostasis
- Bring specific body functions to swift completion
- labour and blood clotting only!
Atrophy
wasting effects of advancing age
Abdominal Body Region
Anterior torso below diaphragm
Acromial
Shoulder
Antebrachial
Forearm
Antecubital
Depressed area just in front of elbow
Axillary
Armpit
Brachial
Upper part of arm
Buccal
Cheek (inside)
Calcaneal
Heal of Foot
Carpal
Wrist
Cephalic
Head
Cervical
Neck
Coxal
Hip
Cranial
Skull
Manual
Hand
Mental
Chin
Nasal
Nose
Navel
Area around navel
Occipital
Back of lower part of skull
Olecranal
Back of elbow
Oral
Mouth
Orbital
Eyes
Otic
Ear
Palmar
Palm of Hand
Patellar
Front of Knee
Pedal
Foot
Pelvic
Lower portion of torso
Crural
Leg
Cubital
Elbow
Cutaneous
Skin
Digital
Fingers or toes
Dorsal
Back
Facial
Face
Femoral
Thigh
Frontal
Forehead
Gluteal
Butt
Hallux
Great toe
Inguinal
Groin
Lumbar
Lower back
Mammary
Tits/Breasts
Perineal
Area between anus and genitals
Plantar
Sole of foot
Pollex
Thumb
Popliteal
Area behind knee
Pubic
Pubis
Supraclavicular
Area above clavicle
Sural
Calf
Tarsal
Ankle
Temporal
Side of skull
Thoracic
Chest
Zygomatic
Cheek
Pathophysiology
organized study of the underlying physiological processes associated with disease
Genetic Mechanisms
Altered, or mutated genes can cause abnormal proteins
Pathogenic Mechanisms
Particles that damage the body in some way
Signs
Objective abnormalities that can be seen or measured by someone other than the patient
Symptoms
abnormalities that are felt only by the patient
Syndrome
Collection of different signs and symptoms that occur together
Acute
Short term
Chronic
Develop slowly and last for a long time
Etiology
study of diseases
Idiopathic
Diseases with undetermined causes
Communicable Diseases
those that can be transmitted from one person to another
Pathogenesis
Disease’s development
Incubation
No signs of symptoms
Remission
Reversal of a chronic disease
Epidemiology
study of the occurence, distribution, and transmission of diseases in human populations
Endemic
Diseases that is native to a local region
Epidemic
Disease spreads to many individuals in a relatively short time
Pandemic
epidemics that affect large geographic regions
Biochemistry
field of chem that deals with living organisms and life processes
Organic Compounds Characteristics (3)
- Contain Carbon
- Covalently Bonded
- Includes carbs, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids
Inorganic Compounds Characteristics (3)
- No Carbon
- Simple compounds
- Water, electrolytes
Matter
anything that has mass and occupies space
Element
substance that cannot be broken down into 2 or more different substances
Compound
atoms of two or more elements joined to form chemical combinations. Can be broken down.
Atomic Structure
atoms contain several different kinds of subatomic particles (protons, neutrons, electrons
Atomic Number
Number of protons in an atom’s nucleus
Atomic Weight
Mass of a single atom
Cloud Model
Electrons form a cloud around the nucleus
Bohr Model
model resembling planets revolving around the sun.
Chemically Inert
not chemically active
Octet Rule
atoms with fewer than 8 or more than 8 electrons in the outer energy level will attempt to lose, gain or share electrons
Radioactive Isotopes
unstable isotope that undergoes nuclear breakdown and emits nuclear particles and radiation
Isotopes
element contains the same number of protons but different numbers of neutrons
Chemical Reaction
interaction btw 2 or more atoms that occurs as a result of activity between electrons in their outermost energy levels
Molecule
2 or more atoms joined together
Compound
molescules formed by atoms of two or more elements
Ionic Bond
formed by transfer of electrons, strong electrostatic force that binds positive/negatively charged together
Covalent Bond
formed by sharing electrons pairs between atoms
Hydrogen Bond
much weaker than ionic or covalent
Synthesis Reaction
combo or 2 or more substances to form a more complex substance, formation of new chemical bonds
Decomposition Reaction
breakdown of a substance into 2 or more simpler substances
Exchange Reaction
Decomposition of two substances and in exchange synthesis of two new compounds
Catabolism
breakdown with water=hydrolysis
Anabolism
join, taking water out=dehydration synthesis
Water Characteristics (6)
Most abundant!!!
- Polarity
- High Heat
- High Boiling Point
- High Vaporization
- Cohesion
- Solvent
pH Scale
Below 7=Acidic
7=Neutral
Above 7=Basic
Monosaccharides
simple sugars with short carbon chains
Disaccharides
Double simple sugars
Polysaccharide
Complex sugars
Meaning of “lysis”
breaking apart
Tissue
Group of similar cells that perform a common function
Matrix
Non living intercellular material
Major Tissues of the Body (4)
Epithelial, Connective, Muscle, Nervous
Extracellular Matrix
is a complex, nonliving material between cells in a tissue
Components of Extracellular Matrix
- Water
- Proteins
- Structural proteins..gives shape!
Parietal Membranes
line closed body cavities
Visceral membranes
cover visceral organs
Pleura
surrounds lungs
Peritoneum
Covers the abdominal viscera and lines the abdo cavity