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Anatomy and Physiology Test #1 > Ch. 7 - Skeletal Tissues > Flashcards

Ch. 7 - Skeletal Tissues Flashcards

1
Q

5 functions of bone

A
  1. support
  2. protection
  3. movement
  4. mineral storage
  5. hematopoiesis
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2
Q

which function of bone is characterized by: bones form the framework of the body and contribute to the shape, alignment and positioning of body parts; ligaments help hold bones together

A

support

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3
Q

which function of bone is characterized by: bony ‘boxes’ protect the delicate structures they enclose

A

protection

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4
Q

which function of bone is characterized by: bones with their joints constitute levers that move as muscles contract

A

movement

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5
Q

which function of bone is characterized by: bones are the majore reservoir of calcium, phosphorus and other minerals

A

mineral storage

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6
Q

which function of bone is characterized by: blood cell formation is carried out by myeloid tissue

A

hematopoiesis

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7
Q

5 major types of bones

A
  1. long bones
  2. short bones
  3. flat bones
  4. irregular bones
  5. sesamoid bones
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8
Q

bones vary in the proportion of ___________ and ___________ (spongy) bone

A

compact, cancellous

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9
Q

what is spongy bone known as?

A

cancellous

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10
Q

______________ bone is dense and solid in appearance

A

compact

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11
Q

______________ bone is characterized by open space partially filled with needlelike structures

A

cancellous

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12
Q

6 parts of long bone

A
  1. diaphysis
  2. epiphyses
  3. articular cartilage
  4. periosteum
  5. medullary cavity
  6. endosteum
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13
Q

this part of long bone is characterized by: main shaft of a long bone, hollow, cylindrical shape and thick compact bone

A

diaphysis

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14
Q

this part of long bone is characterized by: function is to provide strong support without cumbersome weight

A

diaphysis

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15
Q

this part of long bone is characterized by: both ends of a long bone; made of cancellous bone filled with marrow; bulbous shape

A

epiphyses

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16
Q

this part of long bone is characterized by: function is to provide attachments for muscles and give stability to joints

A

epiphyses

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17
Q

2 types of marrow

A
  1. yellow (fatty)

2. red (blood cell formation)

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18
Q

this part of long bone is characterized by: layer of hyaline cartilage that covers the articular surface of epiphyses; function is to cushion jolts and blows

A

articular cartilage

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19
Q

this part of long bone is characterized by: dense, white fibrous membrane that covers the bone; attaches tendones firmly to bones

A

periosteum

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20
Q

this part of long bone is characterized by: contains cells that form and destroy bone; contains blood vessels important to growth and repair; contains blood vessels that send branches into bones

A

periosteum

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21
Q

this part of long bone is characterized by: essential for bone cell survival and bone formation

A

periosteum

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22
Q

this part of long bone is characterized by: tubelike, hollow space in the diaphysis; filled with yellow marrow in adults

A

medullary cavity

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23
Q

this part of long bone is characterized by: think, fibrous membrane that lines the medullary cavity

A

endosteum

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24
Q

2 parts of flat bone:

A
  1. inner portion is cancellous bone covered with compact bone
  2. spaces inside cancellous bone is filled with red marrow
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25
Q

cranial flat bones have an internal and external table of compact bone and inner cancellous region is called the:

A

diploe

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26
Q

flat bones are covered with _____________ and lined with ________________, same as the long bone

A

periosteum, endosteum

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27
Q

bone is the most distinctive form of ______________ tissue

A

connective

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28
Q

extracellular components of bone tissue are hard and _______________

A

calcified

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29
Q

_____________ of bone gives it supportive and protective functions

A

rigidity

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30
Q

bone is very ____________; nearly equal to that of cast iron

A

strong

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31
Q

2 main components of bone matrix:

A
  1. inorganic salts

2. organic matrix

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32
Q

2 most abundant inorganic salts that contribute to bone hardness

A

calcium, phosphate

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33
Q

4 other inorganic salts found in bone matrix:

A

magnesium, sodium, sulfate, fluoride

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34
Q

composite of collagenous fibers and amorphous mixture of protein and polysaccharides found in the bone matrix is called:

A

ground substance

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35
Q

ground substance is secreted by ___________ tissue cells

A

connective

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36
Q

this adds to the overal strength of bone and gives some degree of resilience to bone

A

organic matrix

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37
Q

what are the structural units of compact bone?

A

osteons (aka haversion systems)

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38
Q

what permits delivery of nutrients and removal of waste?

A

osteons

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39
Q

4 structures that make up an osteon:

A
  1. lamellae
  2. lacunae
  3. canaliculi
  4. central canal
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40
Q

in an osteon, this is the structure that is characterized as: layers of hard bone matrix

A

lamellae

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41
Q

in an osteon, this is the structure that is characterized as: small spaces containing tissue fluid in which bone cells are located between hard layers of lamella

A

lacunae

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42
Q

in an osteon, this is the structure that is characterized as: ultra-small canals radiating in all directions from the lacunae and connecting them to each other and to the central canal

A

canaliculi

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43
Q

in an osteon, this is the structure that is characterized as: extends lengthwise through the center of each osteon; contains blood vessels and lymphatic vessels

A

central (osteonal or Haversian) canal

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44
Q

true or false

there are no osteons in cancellous bone

A

true

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45
Q

what does cancellous bone have instead of osteons?

A

trabeculae

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46
Q

bony branches (trabeculae) are arranged along ________ of __________ to enhance bone’s strength

A

lines of stress

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47
Q

3 types of bone cells

A
  1. osteoblasts
  2. osteoclasts
  3. osteocytes
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48
Q

what cell is bone-forming?

A

osteoblasts

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49
Q

what cell breaks down bones?

A

osteoclasts

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50
Q

what cell is responsible for the active erosion of bone minerals?

A

osteoclasts

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51
Q

what bone cells do not divide?

A

osteocytes

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52
Q

where do you find osteocytes

A

lying within lacunae

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53
Q

what is bone marrow also called

A

myeloid tissue

54
Q

type of soft, diffuse connective tissue found in the medullary cavities of long bones and in the space of spongy bone

A

bone marrow

55
Q

2 types of bone marrow

A
  1. red marrow

2. yellow marrow

56
Q

the type of marrow found in all bones in an infant or child’s body

A

red marrow

57
Q

the type of marrow that produces red blood cells

A

red marrow

58
Q

the main bones in an adult that still contain red marrow

A

ribs, vertebrae bodies, humerus, pelvis and femur

59
Q

as an individual ages, red marrow is replaced by this

A

yellow marrow

60
Q

in this kind of marrow cells become saturated with fat and are no longer active in blood cell production

A

yellow

61
Q

yellow marrow can change to red marrow during times of decreased ____________ ______________

A

blood supply

62
Q

what system is a storehouse for body calcium

A

skeletal

63
Q

calcium is mobilized and moves in and out of blood during __________ _____________

A

bone remodelling

64
Q

4 reasons calcium homeostasis is important

A
  1. bone formation, remodelling and repair
  2. blood clotting
  3. transmission of nerve impulses
  4. maintenance of skeletal and cardiac muscle contraction
65
Q

2 hormones associated with calcium homeostasis

A
  1. parathyroid hormone

2. calcitonin

66
Q

what is known as the development of bone from small cartilage model to adult bone

A

osteogenesis

67
Q

2 kinds of bone formation

A
  1. intramembranous ossification

2. endochondral ossification

68
Q

formation of flat bones

A

intramembranous ossification

69
Q

formation of long bones

A

endochondral ossification

70
Q

in endochondral ossification there are 2 ossification centers:

A
  1. primary (in the middle of the bone)

2. secondary (at the end of the bones)

71
Q

Epiphyseal plate is composed of 4 layers

A
  1. “Resting” cartilage cells
  2. Zone of proliferation
  3. Zone of hypertrophy
  4. Zone of calcification
72
Q

part of the epiphyseal plate characterized as the: point of attachment joining the epiphysis to the shaft

A

“Resting” cartilage cells

73
Q

part of the epiphyseal plate characterized as the: cartilage cells undergoing active mitosis, which causes the layer to thicken and the plate to increase in length

A

Zone of proliferation

74
Q

part of the epiphyseal plate characterized as the: older, enlarged cells undergoing degenerative changes associated with calcium deposition

A

Zone of hypertrophy

75
Q

part of the epiphyseal plate characterized as the: dead or dying cartilage cells undergoing rapid calcification

A

Zone of calcification

76
Q

Epiphyseal plate can be a site for bone fractures in __________ people

A

young

77
Q

Long bones grow in both _________ and ___________

A

length, diameter

78
Q

Bone growing in length is known as:

A

interstitial growth

79
Q

Bone growing in diameter is known as:

A

appositional growth

80
Q

Which kind of growth continues through lifetime

A

appositional growth

81
Q

true or false:

bone remodelling happens throughout life

A

true

82
Q

Bones grow in length and diameter by the combined action of these two bone cells

A

osteoclasts

osteoblasts

83
Q

true or false:

Mechanical stress, such as physical activity, weakens bone

A

false

84
Q

4 stages of fracture healing

A
  1. Fracture tears and destroys blood vessels
  2. Fracture hematoma
  3. Vascular damage initiates repair sequence
  4. Callus formation
85
Q

special repair tissue that binds the broken ends of the fracture together

A

Callus

86
Q

blood clot occurring immediately after the fracture, which is then resorbed and replaced by callus

A

Fracture hematoma

87
Q

Limited blood supply is characteristic of avascular connective tissue found in:

A

cartilage

88
Q

This connective tissue has the flexibility of firm plastic

A

cartilage

89
Q

fibrous covering of the cartilage

A

Perichondrium

90
Q

3 types of cartilage

A
  1. hyaline
  2. elastic
  3. fibrocartilage
91
Q

most common type of cartilage is:

A

hyaline

92
Q

this type of cartilage covers the articular surfaces of bones

A

hyaline

93
Q

this type of cartilage forms external ear, epiglottis, and eustachian tubes

A

Elastic cartilage

94
Q

This type of cartilage occurs in pubic symphysis and intervertebral disks

A

Fibrocartilage

95
Q

ability to sustain great weight or serve as a shock absorber are 2 functions of:

A

cartilage

96
Q

Skeleton fully ossified by:

A

mid-twenties

97
Q

Name the two major types of connective tissue found in the skeletal system:

A

Bone and cartilage.

98
Q

Name the two different types of bone tissue

A

Compact and cancellous (spongy) bone.

99
Q

List the 6 structural components of a typical bone that are visible to the naked eye

A
  1. diaphysis
  2. epiphysis
  3. articular cartilage
  4. periosteum
  5. medullary cavity
  6. endosteum
100
Q

identify 2 principal chemical components of the bone matrix

A
  1. inorganic salts

2. organic matrix

101
Q

what disease is characterized by loss of bone mineral density

A

Osteoporosis.

102
Q

identify the 4 structures that form the osteon

A
  1. lamellae
  2. lacunae
  3. canaliculi
  4. haversian canals.
103
Q

name the canals that connect blood vessels between adjacent, parallel osteons

A

Volkmann canals.

104
Q

name the tiny branches of hard bone present in cancellous bone

A

Trabeculae.

105
Q

name the 3 major types of bone cells

A
  1. osteoblasts
  2. osteoclasts
  3. osteocytes
106
Q

name the 2 types of bone marrow

A
  1. red marrow

2. yellow marrow

107
Q

what are the 5 functions of bone

A
  1. support
  2. protection
  3. movement
  4. mineral storage
  5. hematopoiesis
108
Q

identify 2 types of bone formation

A
  1. intramembranous ossification.

2. endochondral ossification.

109
Q

name 3 major types of cartilage

A

Hyaline, elastic, and fibrocartilage.

110
Q

identify the primary type of cartilage cell

A

Chondrocyte.

111
Q

list the 2 mechanisms of cartilage growth

A

Interstitial and appositional growth

112
Q

Spongy bone is characterized by:
A. open space partially filled by an assemblage of needle-like structures.
B. a dense and solid appearance.
C. a soft and flexible gel-like appearance.
D. a dense and compact substance.

A

A. open space partially filled by an assemblage of needle-like structures.

113
Q 
Which of the following is not a type of bone?
A.	Flat
B.	Irregular
C.	Short
D.	Long
E.	Regular
A

E. Regular

114
Q 
The main shaft-like portion of a long bone is the:
A.	epiphysis.
B.	articular cartilage.
C.	periosteum
D.	diaphysis.
A

D. diaphysis.

115
Q 
The dense, white fibrous membrane that covers bone except at joint surfaces is the:
A.	epiphysis.
B.	articular cartilage.
C.	periosteum.
D.	diaphysis.
A

C. periosteum.

116
Q 
The extracellular components of bone matrix are:
A.	soft and calcified.
B.	soft and decalcified.
C.	hard and calcified.
D.	hard and decalcified.
A

C. hard and calcified.

117
Q 
In age-related skeletal disease that is characterized by loss of bone mineral density and increased bone fragility is:
A.	neoplasms.
B.	Paget's disease.
C.	osteoporosis.
D.	osteomalacia.
A

C. osteoporosis.

118
Q 
Compact bone contains many cylinder-shaped structural units called:
A.	lamellae.
B.	lacunae.
C.	canaliculi.
D.	osteons.
A

D. osteons.

119
Q 
Small cells that synthesize and secrete a specialized organic matrix are:
A.	osteoclasts.
B.	osteons.
C.	osteoblasts.
D.	osteocytes.
A

C. osteoblasts.

120
Q 
Bone marrow is a specialized type of soft, diffuse connective tissue called:
A.	myeloid tissue.
B.	hyaline cartilage.
C.	elastic cartilage.
D.	fibrocartilage.
A

A. myeloid tissue.

121
Q 
The following are functions of bone except:
A.	support.
B.	protection.
C.	mineral storage.
D.	hematopoiesis.
E.	all are functions of bone.
A

E. all are functions of bone.

122
Q 
Blood calcium levels involve secretion of these two hormones:
A.	parathyroid and adrenaline.
B.	parathyroid and calcitonin.
C.	calcitonin and adrenaline.
D.	calcitonin and aldosterone.
A

B. parathyroid and calcitonin.

123
Q 
Most bones of the body are formed from cartilage models in a process called:
A.	intramembranous ossification.
B.	osteogenesis.
C.	histogenesis.
D.	endochondral ossification.
A

D. endochondral ossification.

124
Q

Calcification of the organic bone matrix occurs when:
A. complex calcium salts are deposited in the matrix.
B. complex calcium salts are removed.
C. calcium is replaced by phosphorus.
D. calcium is replaced by myeloid tissue.

A

A. complex calcium salts are deposited in the matrix.

125
Q 
Until bone growth in length is complete, a layer of the cartilage, known as the \_\_\_\_\_, remains between the epiphysis and diaphysis.
A.	ossification plate
B.	proliferating zone
C.	zone of hypertrophy
D.	epiphyseal plate
A

D. epiphyseal plate

126
Q 
Bones grow in diameter by the combined action of which two of the three bone cell types?
A.	Osteoblasts and osteocytes
B.	Osteoblasts and osteoclasts
C.	Osteoclasts and osteocytes
D.	Osteocytes and osteons
A

B. Osteoblasts and osteoclasts

127
Q 
Cartilage is classified as \_\_\_\_\_ tissue.
A.	epithelial
B.	muscle
C.	nerve
D.	connective
A

D. connective

128
Q 
The most common type of cartilage is:
A.	elastic.
B.	hyaline.
C.	fibrocartilage.
D.	chondrocytes.
A

B. hyaline.

129
Q 
\_\_\_\_\_ fibers are present in all three types of cartilage, but they are most numerous in fibrocartilage.
A.	Collagenous
B.	Microtubules
C.	Perichondrium
D.	Elastin
A

A. Collagenous

130
Q 
Fibrocartilage can be found in the:
A.	articular surfaces.
B.	middle ear.
C.	nasal cavity.
D.	symphysis pubis.
A

D. symphysis pubis.

131
Q 
Appositional growth of cartilage occurs when chondrocytes begin to divide and secrete:
A.	additional calcium.
B.	additional matrix.
C.	less calcium.
D.	less matrix.
A

B. additional matrix.

Anatomy and Physiology Test #1 (18 decks)

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