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Anatomy and Physiology Test #1 > Ch. 16 - Endocrine System - CLASS NOTES > Flashcards

Ch. 16 - Endocrine System - CLASS NOTES Flashcards

1
Q

What is the second controlling system of the body?

A

Endocrine system

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2
Q

Hormones are also called:

A

chemical messengers

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3
Q

Hormones control 5 processes

A 
reproduction
growth and development
mobilization of body defences
homeostasis
regulation of metabolism
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4
Q

5 effects caused by hormones

A 
changes in plasma membrane permeability
protein synthesis
enzyme activation/inactivation
mitosis stimulation
secretory activity
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5
Q

hormones are produced by _____ cells

A

specialized

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6
Q

cells secreted hormones into _______ fluid

A

extracellular

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7
Q

hormones are transferred to target sites by the _______

A

blood

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8
Q

hormones _______ the activity of other cells

A

regulate

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9
Q

3 main hormone classifications

A
  1. steroids - can go through cell membrane
  2. non-steroids
  3. prostaglandins
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10
Q

hormones affect only certain _____ or ______

A

tissues, organs

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11
Q

target cells must have specific protein ________

A

receptors

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12
Q

2 mechanisms in which hormones act:

A
  1. direct gene activation (steroid)

2. second-messenger system (non-steroid)

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13
Q

direct gene activation (steroid)

A
  • can go through plasma membrane
  • enter nucleus
  • activate genes & DNA
  • effects can take 45 minutes to days
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14
Q

second messenger system

A
  • cannot pass through membrane
  • uses a receptor protein
  • faster (seconds to minutes)
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15
Q

3 hormone stimuli

A
  1. hormonal
  2. humoral
  3. nerve impulses (sympathetic)
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16
Q

hormone levels in the blood are mostly maintained by __________ feedback

A

negative

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17
Q

what does hormonal stimuli mean & give example

A

hormone release stimulated by other hormones

- pituitary gland targets thyroid gland

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18
Q

what is humoral stimuli & give example

A

hormone release stimulated by body fluids & blood

- insulin is produced based on blood sugar

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19
Q

what is neural stimuli & give example

A

hormone release stimulated by nerve impulses

- release of adrenaline

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20
Q

8 major endocrine organs

A
  1. pituitary gland & hypothalamus
  2. pineal gland
  3. thyroid gland
  4. parathyroid gland
  5. adrenal gland
  6. thymus gland
  7. pancrease
  8. gonads
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21
Q

this gland is the size of a pea

A

pituitary gland

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22
Q

hangs by a stalk and connected to the hypothalamus

A

pituitary gland

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23
Q

pituitary gland has 2 functional lobes

A

anterior pituitary - glandular tissue

posterior pituitary - nervous tissue

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24
Q

what gland is known as the “master endocrine gland”

A

pituitary gland

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25
Q

how many hormones does the anterior pituitary gland secrete

A

6

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26
Q

2 anterior pituitary hormones that affect non-endocrine targets:

A
  1. growth hormone

2. prolactin

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27
Q

4 anterior pituitary hormones that affect endocrine targets - called tropic hormones:

A
  1. thyroid-stimulating hormone
  2. adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
    3 & 4. gonadtropic hormones (FSH & LH)
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28
Q

3 characteristics of anterior pituitary hormones:

A
  1. proteins
  2. second-messenger sytems
  3. mostly regulated by negative feedback
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29
Q

general metabolic hormone

A

GROWTH HORMONE

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30
Q

growth of skeletal muscles and long bones

A

GROWTH HORMONE

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31
Q

causes amino acids to build proteins

A

GROWTH HORMONE

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32
Q

causes fats to be broken down for energy

A

GROWTH HORMONE

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33
Q

spares glucose to maintain blood sugar homeostasis

A

GROWTH HORMONE

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34
Q

3 main kind of GROWTH HORMONE disorders

A
  1. pituitary dwarfism
  2. gigantism
  3. acromegaly
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35
Q

stimulates milk production following childbirth

A

PROLACTIN

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36
Q

regulates endocrine activity of the adrenal cortex

A

ADRENOCORTICOTROPIC (ACTH)

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37
Q

influences growth and activity of thyroid gland

A

THYROID-STIMULATING HORMONE (TSH)

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38
Q

2 gonadtropic hormones

A
  1. FSH

2. LH

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39
Q

stimulates follicle development in ovaries and development of sperm in testes

A

FSH

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40
Q

triggers ovulation of egg in females and production of testosterone

A

LH

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41
Q

hypothalamus is regulated by what gland

42
Q

2 Hormones of posterior pituitary gland:

A
  1. oxytocin

2. ADH

43
Q

stimulates contractions of uterus during labour

44
Q

causes milk ejection

45
Q

induces labour

46
Q

causes a positive feedback loop

47
Q

promotes water absorption

A

ANTIDIURETIC HORMONE (ADH)

48
Q

drinking alcohol inhibits the secretion of this hormone

A

ANTIDIURETIC HORMONE (ADH)

49
Q

this gland hangs from the roof of the third ventricle of the brain

A

PINEAL GLAND

50
Q

secretes MELATONIN

A

PINEAL GLAND

51
Q

establishes sleep cycle

A

PINEAL GLAND

52
Q

affects moods - serotonin

A

PINEAL GLAND

53
Q

seasonal affective disorder (SAD)

A

PINEAL GLAND

54
Q

this gland is found at the base of the throat and consists of 2 lobes

A

THYROID GLAND

55
Q

thyroid gland produces 2 hormones

A
  1. thyroid hormone

2. calcitonin

56
Q

this hormone is the major metabolic hormone

A

THYROID HORMONE

57
Q

increases rate of metabolism of all cells

A

THYROID HORMONE

58
Q

important in process of normal tissue growth and development

A

THYROID HORMONE

59
Q

targets all cells in the body

A

THYROID HORMONE

60
Q

3 examples of THYROID disorders

A
  1. GOITER (enlarged thyroid)
  2. MYXEDEMA (physical and mental fatigue)
  3. GRAVE’S DISEASE (increased metabolism
61
Q

decreases blood calcium levels by depositing in into the bone and increasing calcium storage

A

CALCITONIN

62
Q

opposite to parathyroid hormone

A

CALCITONIN

63
Q

tiny masses on posterior of thyroid

A

PARATHYROID GLAND

64
Q

parathyroid gland secretes this hormone

A

PARATHYROID HORMONE (PTH)

65
Q

removes calcium from bones to raise calcium in blood

A

PARATHYROID HORMONE

66
Q

2 hormones involved in calcium homeostasis

A
  1. calcitonin

2. parathyroid hormone

67
Q

these glands sit on top of the kidneys

A

ADRENAL GLANDS

68
Q

2 parts of the adrenal glands

A
  1. adrenal cortex

2. adrenal medulla

69
Q

3 hormones secreted by adrenal cortex

A
  1. mineralocorticoid (ALDOSTERONE)
  2. glucocorticoids (CORTISOL)
  3. gonadocorticoid (ANDROGEN - sex hormone)
70
Q

hormone produced from adrenal cortex that regulates mineral content

A

MINERALOCORTICOID

71
Q

hormone produced from adrenal cortex that helps resist long-term stressors by increasing blood glucose levels

A

GLUCOCORTICOID - CORTISOL

72
Q

sex hormone produced by adrenal cortex

A

GONADOCORTICOID - ANDROGEN

73
Q

2 adrenal cortex disorders

A
  1. ADDISON’S DISEASE (bronze skin)

2. CUSHING’S SYNDROME (buffalo hump)

74
Q

2 hormones produced by adrenal medula

A
  1. epinephrine (adrenaline)

2. norepinephrine (noradrenaline)

75
Q

adrenaline & noradrenaline are part of the ‘fight or flight’ response of the _________ nervous system

A

sympathetic

76
Q

short-term stress hormones:

A
  • epinephrine & norepinephrine (adrenaline)
77
Q

long-term hormones:

A
  • mineralcorticoids

- glucocorticoids (cortisol)

78
Q

2 hormones produced by pancreatic islets

A
  1. insulin

2. glucagon

79
Q

this hormone lowers blood sugar levels

80
Q

this hormone increases blood sugar levels

81
Q

2 hormones involved in blood sugar homeostasis

A

glucagon and insulin

82
Q

2 types of diabetes caused by homeostatic imbalance

A
  1. diabetes type 1 - requires insulin

2. diabetes type 2 - insulin resistant

83
Q

this gland is located posterior to the sternum

A

THYMUS GLAND

84
Q

this gland is largest in infants and then atrophies as we age

A

THYMUS GLAND

85
Q

this gland produces THYMOSIN

A

THYMUS GLAND

86
Q

this hormone is important in developing immune system

87
Q

2 GONAD glands

A
  1. ovaries

2. testes

88
Q

2 hormones present in OVARIES

A
  1. estrogen

2. progesterone

89
Q

hormone present in testes

A
  • TESTOSTERONE (an androgen)
90
Q

this hormone promotes and maintains female sexual characteristics

91
Q

this hormone acts with estrogen to bring about menstrual cycle

A

PROGESTERONE

92
Q

helps in the implantation of embryo

A

PROGESTERONE

93
Q

helps prepare breasts to lactate

A

PROGESTERONE

94
Q

regulation of ovarian hormone secretion depends on changing levels of these 2 hormones

95
Q

this is the most important androgen

A

TESTOSTERONE

96
Q

this hormone is responsible for adult male sex characteristics

A

TESTOSTERONE

97
Q

this hormone promotes growth and maturation of male reproductive system

A

TESTOSTERONE

98
Q

this hormone is required for sperm cell production

A

TESTOSTERONE

99
Q

this organ produces hormones that are present only during pregnancy

100
Q

this hormone produces human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) - detectable by pregnancy tests

101
Q

hormone produced by the heart

A

atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP)

102
Q

ANP is antagonistic to what 2 hormones

A

ADH and aldosterone

Anatomy and Physiology Test #1 (18 decks)

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