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Anatomy and Physiology Test #1 > Ch.16-Endocrine System > Flashcards

Ch.16-Endocrine System Flashcards

1
Q

Hormones control several major processes (5)

A
  • Reproduction
  • Growth & Development
  • Mobilization of body defenses
  • Maintenance of much of homeostasis
  • Regulation of Metabolism
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2
Q

General Overview of the Endocrine Sys

A
  • Second controlling system of the body
  • Slow, but long lasting system
  • Uses chemical messengers (hormones) that are released into the blood
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3
Q

Effects caused by Hormones (5)

A
  • Changes in plasma membrane permeability or electrical state
  • Synthesis of proteins, such as enzymes
  • Activation or inactivation of enzymes
  • Stimulation of mitosis
  • Promotion of secretory activity
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4
Q

Hormone Overview (4)

A
  • Hormones are produced by specialized cells
  • Cells secrete hormones into extracellular fluids
  • Blood transfers hormones to target sites
  • These hormones regulate the activity of other cells
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5
Q

Hormones are classified chemically as… (3)

A
  • Steroids
  • Non Steroids
  • Prostaglandins
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6
Q

Steroids

A
  • derived from cholesterol

- lipid soluble (can pass through phospholipid membrane of target cell)

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7
Q

Non-steroids

A
  • synthesized from amino acids, which includes proteins, glycoproteins, peptides, amino acids
  • Not soluble
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8
Q

Prostaglandins

A
  • Derived from fatty acid molecules
  • found in plasma membranes of all body cells
  • act locally at site of release
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9
Q

Mechanisms of Hormone Action (3)

A
  • Hormones affect only certain tissues or organs (target cells or target organs)
  • Target cells must have specific protein receptors
  • Hormone-binding alters cellular activity within target cells
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10
Q

Two mechanisms in which hormones act… (2)

A
  • Direct Gene Activation

- Second messenger system

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11
Q

Direct Gene Activation Explained

Also known as Steroid Hormone mechanism

A
  • Diffuse through the plasma membrane of target cells
  • Enter the nucleus
  • Bind to a specific protein within the nucleus
  • Bind to specific sites on the cell’s DNA
  • Activate genes that result in synthesis of new proteins

Effects ranges from 45 mins to days (slow)

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12
Q

Second Messenger System Explained

Also known as Nonsteroid Hormone Action

A
  • Hormone binds to a membrane receptor (Hormone does not enter the cell)
  • Sets off a series of reactions that activates an enzyme
  • Catalyzes a reaction that produces a second messenger molecule
  • Oversees additional intracellular changes to promote a specific response

Effects ranges from seconds to minutes (fast)

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13
Q

Control of Hormone Release Explained

A
  • Hormone levels in the blood are mostly maintained by negative feedback
  • A stimulus or low hormone levels in the blood triggers the release of more hormone
  • Hormone release stops once an appropriate level in he blood is reached
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14
Q

Hormonal Stimuli

A
  • Most common

- Endocrine glands are activated by other hormones

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15
Q

Humoral Stimuli

A
  • Changing blood levels of certain ions & nutrients stimulate hormone release
  • Humoral indicates various body fluids such as blood and bile
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16
Q

Neural Stimuli

A
  • Nerve impulses stimulate hormone release

- Most are under the control of the sympathetic nervous system

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17
Q

Pituitary Gland Characteristics

A
  • Size of a pea
  • Hangs by a stalk, in infundibulum hat connects it to the hypothalamus in the brain
  • Protected by the sphenoid bone
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18
Q

Pituitary Gland Functional Lobes (2)

A
  • Anterior pituitary–glandular tissue

- Posterior pituitary–nervous tissue

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19
Q

Pituitary Gland

A

Master endocrine gland

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20
Q

Six Anterior Pituitary Glands

A
  • Growth Hormone
  • Prolactin
  • Thyroid-stimulating hormone (thyrotropic hormone)
  • Adrenocorticotropic (ACTH) hormone
  • Two gonadotropic hormones (FSH & LH)
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21
Q

Hormones that affect non-endocrine targets(2)

A
  • Growth Hormone

- Prolactin

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22
Q

Hormones that stimulate other endocrine glands (4)

A
  • Thyroid-stimulating hormone (thyrotropic hormone)
  • Adrenocorticotropic (ACTH)
  • Two Gonadotropic Hormones (FSH & LH)
  • FSH=Follicle Stimulating Hormone
  • LH=Luteinizing hormone
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23
Q

Characteristics of all anterior pituitary hormones

A
  • Proteins
  • Act through second messenger systems
  • Regulated by hormonal stimuli, mostly negative feedback
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24
Q

Growth Hormone Characteristics

A
  • General metabolic hormone
  • Growth of skeletal muscles and long bones
  • Causes amino acids to be built into proteins (growth and tissue repair)
  • Causes fats to be broken down for a source of energy
  • Spares glucose
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25
Q

Growth Hormone Disorder: Pituitary dwarfism

A

results from hyposecretion of GH during childhood

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26
Q

Growth hormone Disorder: Gigantism

A

Results from hypersecretion of GH during childhood

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27
Q

Growth Hormone Disorder: Acromegaly

A

Results from hypersecretion of GH during adulthood

-Facial bones enlarge tremendously, as do feet and hands

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28
Q

Prolactin Characteristics

A
  • Stimulates and maintains milk production following childbirth
  • Function in males is unknown
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29
Q

Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH)

A

-Regulates endocrine activity of the adrenal cortex

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30
Q

Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)

A
  • a.k.a. thyrotropic hormone (TH)

- influences growth and activity of the thyroid gland

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31
Q

Gonadotropic Hormones

A

-Regulate hormonal activity of the gonads

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32
Q

Two types of Gonadotropic Hormones (2)

A
  • Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)

- Luteinizing Hormone (LH)

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33
Q

Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)

A
  • stimulates follicle development in ovaries

- Stimulates sperm development in testes

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34
Q

Luteinizing hormone (LH)

A
  • Triggers ovulation of an egg in females

- Stimulates testosterone production in males

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35
Q

Pituitary-Hypothalamus Relationship

A
  • Hormonal release of many anterior pituitary hormones are regulated by releasing and inhibiting hormones produced by the hypothalamus through the hypophyseal portal system
  • -hypothalamus is mind body connection
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36
Q

Hypothalamus produces two hormones:

A
  • Oxytocin

- Antidiuretic hormone

37
Q

Posterior pituitary gland…

A

storage area for hormones made by hypothalamic neurons

38
Q

Oxytocin Characteristics ALSO KNOWN AS NEUROHYPOPHYSIS

A
  • Stimulates contractions of the uterus during labour, sex and breastfeeding
  • Causes milk ejection
  • Labor induction;pitocin-drugs mimic oxytocin to induce labour
  • Positive feedback loop
39
Q

Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH) Characteristics

A
  • Inhibits urine production by promoting water reabsorption by the kidneys
  • decreased urine volume, blood volume increases
  • large amounts cause vasoconstriction leading to increased blood pressure
  • Drinking booze inhibits ADH secretion, results in large amounts of urine
40
Q

Diabetes Insipidus is…

A
  • hyposecretion of ADH resulting in excessive urine output.

- Always thirsty, drink huge amounts of water

41
Q

Pineal Gland Characteristics

A
  • Hangs from the roof of the 3rd ventricle of the brain
  • Acts in two systems (nervous and endocrine)
  • Secretes Melatonin
42
Q

Melatonin Characteristics

A
  • Helps establish the body’s wake and sleep cycles (biological clock)
  • May also affect a person’s mood (serotonin is a precursor of melatonin, which is a mood altering molecule
  • Seasonal Affective Disorder
43
Q

Thyroid Gland Characteristics

A
  • Found at the base of the throat (inferior to Adam’s apple)

- Consists of 2 lobes

44
Q

2 hormones that are produced by Thyroid Gland

A
  • Thyroid hormone

- Calcitonin

45
Q

Thyroid Hormone Characteristics

A
  • body’s major metabolic hormone
  • composed of two active iodine-containing hormones…Thyroxine(T4), Triiodothyronine (T3)
  • increases rate of metabolism of all cells
  • important in process of normal tissue growth and development
  • Every cell in the body is a target
46
Q

Thyroid Hormone Disorder:Goiters

A
  • Thyroid gland enlarges due to lack of iodine

- Salt is iodized to prevent goiters

47
Q

Thyroid Hormone Disorder: Cretinism

A
  • Caused by hyposecretion of thyroxine
  • Results in dwarfism during childhood
  • If untreated will also result in mental deficits, hair is scant, and skin is dry
48
Q

Thyroid Hormone Disorders: Myxedema

A
  • Caused by hypothyroidism in adults
  • Results in physical and mental sluggishness, fatigue, poor muscle tone, low body temp, obesity, and dry skin
  • Oral thyroxine can be prescribed
49
Q

Thyroid Hormone Disorders: Graves’ Disease

A
  • Hyperthyroidism
  • Results in increased metabolism, heat intolerance, rapid heartbeat, weight loss, nervous and agitated behaviour, and eyes bulge.
  • Treated with thyroid blocking drugs or radioactive iodine to destroy thyroid cells
50
Q

Calcitonin Characteristics

A
  • Decreases blood calcium levels by causing its deposit on bone
  • Antagonistic to parathyroid hormone
  • Produced by parafollicular cells of thyroid gland
  • parafollicular cells are found between the follicles
51
Q

Parathyroid Glands Characteristics

A
  • Tiny masses on the posterior of the thyroid

- Secrete parathyroid hormone (PTH)=parathormone

52
Q

Parathyroid Hormone Does what??

A
  • Stimulate osteoclasts to remove calcium from bone
  • Stimulate the kidneys and intestine to absorb more calcium and release into blood
  • Raises calcium levels in the blood
53
Q

What happens when you get hyposecretion of Parathyroid Hormone??

A

-decrease in blood calcium level increases neuromuscular irritability–may cause muscle spasms and convulsions

54
Q

What happens when you et hyperparathyroidism??

A

-causes massive bone destruction called osteoporosis

55
Q

Adrenal Gland Characteristics

A
  • Sit on top of the kidneys

- Two regions: cortex & medulla

56
Q

Adrenal Cortex

A

-Outside

57
Q

Adrenal medulla

A

-Inside

58
Q

Adrenal Cortex 3 layers

A
  • mineralocorticoids (outermost layer)
  • glucocorticoids( middle layer)
  • gonadocorticoids(innermost layer)
59
Q

Mineralocorticoids Characteristics

A
  • Mainly Aldosterone, by renin angiotensin-aldosteron system
  • Regulate mineral (sodium & potassium) content in blood
  • Promotes water retention
  • Target Organ=kidney
60
Q

Kidney Tubule cells…

A

-reclaim/reabsorb increasing amounts of sodium ions into blood and secrete potassium ions into urine

61
Q

Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System Physiology

A
  • when BP in kidneys drops below a certain level-Renin is secreted into blood
  • Renin causes Angiotensinogen to be converted to Angiotension I
  • Angiotension I is converted to Angiotension II by ACE
  • Angiotension II circulates to adrenal cortex-stimulates secretion of aldosterone
  • Aldosterone-increased absorption of sodium thus increased water rentention=BP increases
62
Q

Glucocorticoids a.k.a. hydrocortisone Characteristics

A
  • Promote normal cell metabolism
  • Cortisol
  • Target every cell in the body
  • Help resist long-term stressors, primarily by increasing blood glucose levels
  • Hyperglycemic hormones (fats/proteins are broken down by body cells and converted to glucose)
  • Decrease inflammation by decreasing edema
  • Released in response to increased blood levels of ACTH
63
Q

Gonadocorticoids Characteristics

A
  • Small amounts of male hormones (androgens) are secreted

- Smaller amount in women compared to men

64
Q

Adrenal Cortex Disorders: Addison’s

A
  • Results from hyposecretion of all adrenal cortex hormones

- Bronze skin tone, weak muscles, burnout, susceptibility to infection, weight loss

65
Q

Adrenal Cortex Disorders: Cushing’s

A
  • Results from a tumor in the middle cortical area of the adrenal cortex
  • Buffalo hump on the upper back, muscular atrophy, edema, hypokalemia, abnormal skin pigmentation
66
Q

Hormones of the Adrenal Medulla

A
  • Epinephrine
  • Norepinephrine
    a. k.a catecholamines
  • Prepare the body to deal with short term stress (fight or flight) by:
67
Q

Catecholamines prepare the body to deal with short term stress (fight or flight) by:

A
  • Increasing heart rate, blood pressure, blood glucose levels
  • Dilating small passageways of lungs
  • Short term response to stress
68
Q

Pancreatic Islets Characteristics

A
  • Pancreas is a mixed gland (endocrine & exocrine)
  • Produces hormones: Insulin & Glucagon
  • Insulin & Glucagon are antagonists to each other that maintain blood sugar homeostasis
69
Q

Insulin Characteristics (Pancreatic Islets)

A
  • Allows glucose to cross plasma membranes into cells
  • Lowers blood concentration of glucose, amino acids, fatty acids
  • Decreases blood glucose levels
70
Q

Glucagon Characteristics (Pancreatic Islets)

A
  • Allows glucose to enter the blood by breaking down glycogen to glucose
  • Increases blood glucose levels
71
Q

Diabetes Mellitus

A
  • blood becomes acidic
  • referred to as ketosis (breakdown of fat instead of sugar)
  • Type 1 requires insulin
  • Type 2 insulin resistance, may require insulin
72
Q

Polyuria

A

Excessive urination

73
Q

Polydipsia

A

Excessive thirst

74
Q

Polyphagia

A

Hunger

75
Q

Thymus Gland Characteristics

A
  • Located posterior to the sternum
  • Largest in infants, then atrophies as we age
  • Produces thymosin
76
Q

Thymosin Characteristics

A
  • Matures some types of white blood cells (T cells)

- Important in developing the immune system

77
Q

Gonads (2)

A
  • Ovaries

- Testes

78
Q

Ovaries Characteristics

A
  • Produce eggs

- Produce two groups of steroid hormone: Estrogens & Progesterone

79
Q

Estrogens Characteristics

A
  • Promote the development and maintenance of female sexual characteristics
  • Along with progesterone, estrogens also promote breast development & regulate menstrual cycle
80
Q

Progesterone Characteristics

A
  • Acts with estrogen to bring out menstrual cycle
  • Helps in the implantation of an embryo in the uterus
  • Helps prepare breasts for lactation
  • Regulation of ovarian hormone secretion is complex, but basically depends on changing levels of FSH & LH
81
Q

Testes Produce….

A

-Produce androgens (testosterone)

82
Q

Testosterone Characteristics

A
  • Produced by Testes
  • Most important androgen
  • Responsible for male secondary sex characteristics
  • Promotes growth & maturation of reproductive system
  • Required for sperm cell production
83
Q

Endocrine Function of the Placenta

A
  • Produces hormones that maintain the pregnancy
  • Some hormones play a part in the delivery
  • Produces human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) in addition to estrogen, progesterone, and others
  • hCG is the hormone detected in pregnancy tests
  • Other hormones: human placental lactogen and relaxin
84
Q

Other Hormone Producing Tissues & Organs: Small intestine

A

-Cholecystokinin

85
Q

Other Hormone Producing Tissues & Organs: Adipose Tissue

A

-Leptin

86
Q

Other Hormone Producing Tissues & Organs: Heart

A

-atrial natriuretic peptide (antagonist to ADH and aldosterone

87
Q

Endocrine Gland described…

A

…release their products at the body’s surface or into body cavities through ducts

88
Q

Exocrine Gland described

A

release their products at the body’s surface or into body cavities through ducts

Anatomy and Physiology Test #1 (18 decks)

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