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Anatomy and Physiology Test #1 > Ch. 13 - CLASS NOTES > Flashcards

Ch. 13 - CLASS NOTES Flashcards

1
Q

2 protective coverings of the brain and spinal cord:

A

bone (outer covering)

meninges (inner covering)

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2
Q

Meninges have 3 membranous layers

A
  1. dura mater (tough mother) - outermost layer
  2. arachnoid mater (spider) - in between
  3. pia mater (gentle mother) - innermost layer
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3
Q

3 spaces exist between and around the meninges

A
  1. epidural
    - between dura mater and bone
  2. subdural
    - between dura mater and arachnoid
  3. subarachnoid
    - between arachnoid and pia
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4
Q

Functions of Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF)

A
  • supportive and protective cushion

- reservoir of circulating fluid to detect changes in internal environment

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5
Q

4 fluid filled spaces within the brain known as:

A

ventricles

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6
Q

CSF is formed by:

A

choroid plexuses

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7
Q

directional flow of CSF:

A

from lateral ventricles, to third and down to the fourth ventricle

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8
Q

which of the following is deeper and wider? anterior median fissure and posterior median sulcus

A

anterior median fissure

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9
Q

2 main nerve roots:

A
  1. dorsal

2. ventral

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10
Q

what is the function of the dorsal nerve root?

A

carries sensory information

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11
Q

what is the function of the ventral nerve root?

A

carries motor information

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12
Q

where are the interneurons located

A

spinal cord’s gray matter core

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13
Q

a single mixed nerve on each side of the spinal cord where the dorsal and ventral roots join together is called:

A

spinal nerve

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14
Q

bundle of nerve roots extending down the spinal column

A

cauda equina

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15
Q

gray matter consist predominantly of what?

A

cell bodies of interneurons and motor neurons

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16
Q

in transverse section ______ matter looks like an H with the limbs called the anterior, posterior and lateral horns

A

gray

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17
Q

this surrounds the gray matter and is subdivided in each half on the cord into 3 funiculi: anterior, posterior and lateral

A

white matter

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18
Q

three things the names of spinal tracts indicate

A

location of the tract
originating structure
terminating structure

eg. lateral spinothalamic tract

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19
Q

Main function of the spinal cord

A

conduction routes to and from the brain

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20
Q

ascending tracts conduct impulses _____ the cord to the brain

A

up

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21
Q

descending tracts conduct impulses ____ the cord from the brain

A

down

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22
Q

this is the reflex centre for all spinal reflexes which are located in the gray matter

A

spinal cord

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23
Q

3 structures of the brainstem

A
  1. medulla oblongata
  2. pons
  3. midbrain
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24
Q

this is the lowest part of the brainstem

A

medulla oblongata

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25
Q

this is the part of the brain that attaches to the spinal cord

A

medulla oblongata

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26
Q

this is a NETWORK of gray and white matter

A

reticular formation network

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27
Q

this part of the brainstem has 2 bulges of white matter known as PYRAMIDS

A

medulla oblongata

28
Q

these are known as clusters of neuron cell bodies located in the reticular formation

A

nuclei

29
Q

what part of the brainstem is the “vital center” of the brain & body

A

medulla oblongata

30
Q

this part of the brainstem is located above the medulla

A

pons

31
Q

function of the pons

A
  • autonomic reflexes including respiration

- pneumatic centre

32
Q

this part of the brainstem is located above the pons and below the cerebrum

A

midbrain

33
Q

function of the midbrain

A

integration of crainial nerve reflexes such as eye movement

34
Q

this part of the brain is known as “little brain”

A

cerebellum

35
Q

this is the second largest part of the brain

A

cerebellum

36
Q

this is located under the posterior portion of the cerebrum

A

cerebellum

37
Q

internal white matter of the cerebellum; distinctive pattern similar to the veins of a leaf

A

ARBOR VITAE

38
Q

main function of the cerebellum

A

planning, posture, balance, coordination

39
Q

What are the 3 parts of the diencephalon?

A
  1. thalamus
  2. hypothalamus
  3. pineal gland
40
Q

What is the function of the thalamus?

A

Major relay station for sensory impulses

41
Q

This part of the diencephalon plays part in sensation, emotions & arousal

A

thalamus

42
Q

This is a small but FUNCTIONALLY IMPORTANT area of the brain and is important for survival and enjoyment

A

Hypothalamus

43
Q

This links the nervous system to the endocrine system

A

hypothalamus

44
Q

where is the infundibulum located

A

hypothalamus

45
Q

this regulates and coordinates autonomic activities

A

hypothalamus

46
Q

this plays a crucial role in water balance, arousal, appetite and maintaining body temperature

A

hypothalamus

47
Q

this is involved in regulating the body’s BIOLOGICAL CLOCK

A

pineal gland

48
Q

this produces MELATONIN

A

pineal gland

49
Q

this is the largest and uppermost division of the brain

A

cerebrum

50
Q

the 5 lobes of the cerebral cortex are

A
  1. frontal
  2. parietal
  3. temporal
  4. occipital
  5. insula
51
Q

the outer surface of the _____ _____ is composed of 6 layers of gray matter

A

cerebral cortex

52
Q

brain sausages

A

gyri

53
Q

shallow grooves of the brain

A

sulci

54
Q

deep grooves that divide each cerebral hemisphere into lobes

A

fissures

55
Q

this part of the cerebrum is responsible for:

  • thinking
  • learning
  • memory
  • posture
  • walking
A

basal nuclei

56
Q

islands of gray matter located deep within the white matter of each hemisphere

A

basal nuclei

57
Q

3 cerebral tracts that make up the cerebrum’s WHITE MATTER

A
  1. projection tracts
  2. association tracts
  3. commissural tracts
58
Q

this joins the hemispheres

A

corpus collosum

59
Q

postcentral gyrus of the cerebral cortex

A

somatic sensory area

60
Q

precentral gyrus of the cerebral cortex

A

somatic motor area

61
Q

transverse gyrus of the cerebral cortex

A

auditory area

62
Q

occiptal lobe of the cerebral cortex

A

visual area

63
Q

state of awareness of one’s self, one’s environment, and other human beings

A

consciousness

64
Q

consciousness depends on excitation of cortical neurons by impulses conducted to them by the:

A

reticular activating system

65
Q

Language can be affected by lesions in speech centers known as

A

aphasias

66
Q

Limbic system is also known as the ______ brain

A

emotional

67
Q

Limbic system plays a key role in _______

A

memory

Anatomy and Physiology Test #1 (18 decks)

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