Ch. 13 - CLASS NOTES Flashcards
2 protective coverings of the brain and spinal cord:
bone (outer covering)
meninges (inner covering)
Meninges have 3 membranous layers
- dura mater (tough mother) - outermost layer
- arachnoid mater (spider) - in between
- pia mater (gentle mother) - innermost layer
3 spaces exist between and around the meninges
- epidural
- between dura mater and bone - subdural
- between dura mater and arachnoid - subarachnoid
- between arachnoid and pia
Functions of Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF)
- supportive and protective cushion
- reservoir of circulating fluid to detect changes in internal environment
4 fluid filled spaces within the brain known as:
ventricles
CSF is formed by:
choroid plexuses
directional flow of CSF:
from lateral ventricles, to third and down to the fourth ventricle
which of the following is deeper and wider? anterior median fissure and posterior median sulcus
anterior median fissure
2 main nerve roots:
- dorsal
2. ventral
what is the function of the dorsal nerve root?
carries sensory information
what is the function of the ventral nerve root?
carries motor information
where are the interneurons located
spinal cord’s gray matter core
a single mixed nerve on each side of the spinal cord where the dorsal and ventral roots join together is called:
spinal nerve
bundle of nerve roots extending down the spinal column
cauda equina
gray matter consist predominantly of what?
cell bodies of interneurons and motor neurons
in transverse section ______ matter looks like an H with the limbs called the anterior, posterior and lateral horns
gray
this surrounds the gray matter and is subdivided in each half on the cord into 3 funiculi: anterior, posterior and lateral
white matter
three things the names of spinal tracts indicate
location of the tract
originating structure
terminating structure
eg. lateral spinothalamic tract
Main function of the spinal cord
conduction routes to and from the brain
ascending tracts conduct impulses _____ the cord to the brain
up
descending tracts conduct impulses ____ the cord from the brain
down
this is the reflex centre for all spinal reflexes which are located in the gray matter
spinal cord
3 structures of the brainstem
- medulla oblongata
- pons
- midbrain
this is the lowest part of the brainstem
medulla oblongata
this is the part of the brain that attaches to the spinal cord
medulla oblongata
this is a NETWORK of gray and white matter
reticular formation network
this part of the brainstem has 2 bulges of white matter known as PYRAMIDS
medulla oblongata
these are known as clusters of neuron cell bodies located in the reticular formation
nuclei
what part of the brainstem is the “vital center” of the brain & body
medulla oblongata
this part of the brainstem is located above the medulla
pons
function of the pons
- autonomic reflexes including respiration
- pneumatic centre
this part of the brainstem is located above the pons and below the cerebrum
midbrain
function of the midbrain
integration of crainial nerve reflexes such as eye movement
this part of the brain is known as “little brain”
cerebellum
this is the second largest part of the brain
cerebellum
this is located under the posterior portion of the cerebrum
cerebellum
internal white matter of the cerebellum; distinctive pattern similar to the veins of a leaf
ARBOR VITAE
main function of the cerebellum
planning, posture, balance, coordination
What are the 3 parts of the diencephalon?
- thalamus
- hypothalamus
- pineal gland
What is the function of the thalamus?
Major relay station for sensory impulses
This part of the diencephalon plays part in sensation, emotions & arousal
thalamus
This is a small but FUNCTIONALLY IMPORTANT area of the brain and is important for survival and enjoyment
Hypothalamus
This links the nervous system to the endocrine system
hypothalamus
where is the infundibulum located
hypothalamus
this regulates and coordinates autonomic activities
hypothalamus
this plays a crucial role in water balance, arousal, appetite and maintaining body temperature
hypothalamus
this is involved in regulating the body’s BIOLOGICAL CLOCK
pineal gland
this produces MELATONIN
pineal gland
this is the largest and uppermost division of the brain
cerebrum
the 5 lobes of the cerebral cortex are
- frontal
- parietal
- temporal
- occipital
- insula
the outer surface of the _____ _____ is composed of 6 layers of gray matter
cerebral cortex
brain sausages
gyri
shallow grooves of the brain
sulci
deep grooves that divide each cerebral hemisphere into lobes
fissures
this part of the cerebrum is responsible for:
- thinking
- learning
- memory
- posture
- walking
basal nuclei
islands of gray matter located deep within the white matter of each hemisphere
basal nuclei
3 cerebral tracts that make up the cerebrum’s WHITE MATTER
- projection tracts
- association tracts
- commissural tracts
this joins the hemispheres
corpus collosum
postcentral gyrus of the cerebral cortex
somatic sensory area
precentral gyrus of the cerebral cortex
somatic motor area
transverse gyrus of the cerebral cortex
auditory area
occiptal lobe of the cerebral cortex
visual area
state of awareness of one’s self, one’s environment, and other human beings
consciousness
consciousness depends on excitation of cortical neurons by impulses conducted to them by the:
reticular activating system
Language can be affected by lesions in speech centers known as
aphasias
Limbic system is also known as the ______ brain
emotional
Limbic system plays a key role in _______
memory
