MODULE 2 - LYMPHATIC SYSTEM, ETC.

Question 1

What is the mechanism responsible for capillary exchange?

Answer 1

diffusion

Question 2

What are the 2 factors that affect diffusion?

Answer 2

• concentration gradients - you have to have a difference in concentration
  
  • pressure gradients - determines how readily and quickly material is exchanged

Question 3

What are the 3 main functions of the lymphatic system?

Answer 3

1. FLUID BALANCE - take up excess tissue fluid and return it to bloodstream
2. FAT ABSORPTION - absorb fats from digestive tract and transport them to bloodstream
3. IMMUNITY - help defend the body against disease

Question 4

What is the difference between the lymph and plasma?

Answer 4

• location

* compositionally, plasma is higher in proteins

Question 5

How is lymph different from blood?

Answer 5

• blood circulates

* lymph flows

Question 6

Compare lymphatic veins to cardiovascular veins

Answer 6

structurally similar to cardiovascular veins but with thinner walls and more valves

Question 7

8. Distinguish between primary and secondary lymphatic systems including their organs

Answer 7

• primary - where lymphocytes are produced and mature (b-lymphocytes in the red bone marrow & t-lymphocytes in the thymus gland)
  
  • secondary - where lymphocytes encounter and bind with antigens (lymph nodes and spleen)

Question 8

How does lymphatic fluid flow?

Answer 8

• lymphatic pumps & valves to prevent back flow
  • gravity pulls it towards the middle of the earth
  • breathing movements and skeletal muscle contractions pump lymph through lymphatic vessels as they do with blood through veins

Question 9

Explain immunity

Answer 9

• the body’s ability to repel:
  
  • • foreign substances
    • pathogens
    • cancer cells

Question 10

Identify and distinguish between 2 types of immunity:

Answer 10

• Innate (nonspecific immunity): does not distinguish between different pathogens
  
  • Adaptive (specific immunity): to respond to a specific pathogen

Question 11

Describe in general terms the inflammatory response:

Answer 11

• the trauma triggers white blood cells to release chemicals which cause vasodilation increasing blood flow to the injured part of your body
  
  • benefits: increases blood flow & facilitates immunity and healing
  • Adverse effects: redness, swelling, heat, pain, loss of function

Question 12

What are the 2 lymphocytes?

Answer 12

• B cells

* T cells

Question 13

Distinguish between the 2 lymphocytes:

Answer 13

• B cells provide antibody-mediated immunity (humoral - body fluids - immunity) - produce antibodies that attack pathogens
  
  • T cells provide cell-mediated immunity - attack cells directly

Question 14

Give an overview of clonal selection:

Answer 14

Process where certain specific b and T cells are selected and multiplied.

Question 15

Describe what allergies are

Answer 15

• hypersensitivity to something that is otherwise harmless triggering an inflammatory response
  
  • eg. anaphylactic shock

Question 16

What are alveoli?

Answer 16

• Alveoli are sacs that serve as gas exchangers

* Primary gas exchange structures

Question 17

Function of respiration

Answer 17

• External respiration (breathing)
  
  • Transport of gases by the blood
  • Internal respiration
  • Exchange and transport of gases

Question 18

Identify the 2 phases of respiratory cycle:

Answer 18

• breathing in (inspiration)

* breathing out (expiration)

Question 19

Describe the pulmonary ventilation mechanism:

Answer 19

IN

• Muscles contract
• ribcage expands
• diaphragm drops down
• lungs expand
• volume goes up
• pressure goes down
• air goes in.

OUT

• Muscles relax
• lungs relax
• volume drops
• pressure goes up
• air goes out

Question 20

Explain internal and external gas exchange.

Answer 20

• oxygen goes from where there’s more to where there’s less
  
  • carbon dioxide goes from where there’s more to where there’s less
  • Takes place by diffusion on a pressure and concentration gradient

Question 21

Distinguish between passive and active immunity:

Answer 21

Active immunity: induced by exposure to a pathogen, either naturally or by vaccine (antigen containing substance)

Passive immunity: a person is given antibodies for a specific disease