MODULE 2 - LYMPHATIC SYSTEM, ETC. Flashcards
What is the mechanism responsible for capillary exchange?
diffusion
What are the 2 factors that affect diffusion?
- concentration gradients - you have to have a difference in concentration
- pressure gradients - determines how readily and quickly material is exchanged
What are the 3 main functions of the lymphatic system?
- FLUID BALANCE - take up excess tissue fluid and return it to bloodstream
- FAT ABSORPTION - absorb fats from digestive tract and transport them to bloodstream
- IMMUNITY - help defend the body against disease
What is the difference between the lymph and plasma?
- location
* compositionally, plasma is higher in proteins
How is lymph different from blood?
- blood circulates
* lymph flows
Compare lymphatic veins to cardiovascular veins
structurally similar to cardiovascular veins but with thinner walls and more valves
- Distinguish between primary and secondary lymphatic systems including their organs
- primary - where lymphocytes are produced and mature (b-lymphocytes in the red bone marrow & t-lymphocytes in the thymus gland)
- secondary - where lymphocytes encounter and bind with antigens (lymph nodes and spleen)
How does lymphatic fluid flow?
- lymphatic pumps & valves to prevent back flow
- gravity pulls it towards the middle of the earth
- breathing movements and skeletal muscle contractions pump lymph through lymphatic vessels as they do with blood through veins
Explain immunity
- the body’s ability to repel:
- foreign substances
- pathogens
- cancer cells
Identify and distinguish between 2 types of immunity:
- Innate (nonspecific immunity): does not distinguish between different pathogens
- Adaptive (specific immunity): to respond to a specific pathogen
Describe in general terms the inflammatory response:
- the trauma triggers white blood cells to release chemicals which cause vasodilation increasing blood flow to the injured part of your body
- benefits: increases blood flow & facilitates immunity and healing
- Adverse effects: redness, swelling, heat, pain, loss of function
What are the 2 lymphocytes?
- B cells
* T cells
Distinguish between the 2 lymphocytes:
- B cells provide antibody-mediated immunity (humoral - body fluids - immunity) - produce antibodies that attack pathogens
- T cells provide cell-mediated immunity - attack cells directly
Give an overview of clonal selection:
Process where certain specific b and T cells are selected and multiplied.
Describe what allergies are
- hypersensitivity to something that is otherwise harmless triggering an inflammatory response
- eg. anaphylactic shock
What are alveoli?
- Alveoli are sacs that serve as gas exchangers
* Primary gas exchange structures
Function of respiration
- External respiration (breathing)
- Transport of gases by the blood
- Internal respiration
- Exchange and transport of gases
Identify the 2 phases of respiratory cycle:
- breathing in (inspiration)
* breathing out (expiration)
Describe the pulmonary ventilation mechanism:
IN
- Muscles contract
- ribcage expands
- diaphragm drops down
- lungs expand
- volume goes up
- pressure goes down
- air goes in.
OUT
- Muscles relax
- lungs relax
- volume drops
- pressure goes up
- air goes out
Explain internal and external gas exchange.
- oxygen goes from where there’s more to where there’s less
- carbon dioxide goes from where there’s more to where there’s less
- Takes place by diffusion on a pressure and concentration gradient
Distinguish between passive and active immunity:
Active immunity: induced by exposure to a pathogen, either naturally or by vaccine (antigen containing substance)
Passive immunity: a person is given antibodies for a specific disease
