Ch. 6 - Skin & Its Appendages Flashcards
1
Q
What is the body’s largest organ?
A
Skin
2
Q
What is the integumentary system?
A
Skin & its appendages (hair, nails & skin glands)
3
Q
Skin is classified as ___________ membrane
A
cutaneous
4
Q
List 2 primary layers of the skin
A
- epidermis
2. dermis
5
Q
What layer does the hypodermis lie beneath?
A
Dermis
6
Q
There are 2 types of skin - thick & thin. What does these types cover?
A
thin - covers most of body’s surfaces
thick - covers soles and palms
7
Q
List the 4 types of epidermal cells
A
- keratinocytes
- melanocytes
- epidermal dendritic cells
- tactile epithelial cells
8
Q
skin cell that is the principal structural element of the outer skin
A
keratinocyte
9
Q
skin cell that constitues 90% of cells present
A
keratinocyte
10
Q
skin cell that is sometimes called corneocytes after it is fully keratinized
A
keratinocyte
11
Q
skin cell that contains melanin?
A
melanocyte
12
Q
skin cell that produces pigment
A
melanocyte
13
Q
skin cell that filters UV light
A
melanocyte
14
Q
skin cell that plays a role in immune response
A
epidermal dendritic cells
15
Q
skin cell that is also called langerhan cells
A
epidermal dendritic cells
16
Q
skin cell that are branched antigen-presenting cells
A
epidermal dendritic cells
17
Q
skin cell that attach to sensory nerve endings to form ‘light touch’ receptors
A
tactile epithelial cells
18
Q
skin cell that are also called Merkel cells
A
tactile epithelial cells
19
Q
list the 5 cell layers in epidermis (from deepest to superficial)
A
- stratum basale (base layer)
- stratum spinosum (spiny layer)
- stratum granulosum (granular layer)
- stratum lucidum (clear layer)
- stratum corneum (horny layer)
20
Q
this epidermal layer contains single layer of columnar cells that undergoes mitosis - after which the cells migrate through the other layers until they are shed
A
stratum basale
21
Q
epidermal layer that is rich in RNA
A
stratum spinosum
22
Q
epidermal layer that is arranged in 8 to 10 layers with desmosomes that pull cells into spiny shapes
A
stratum spinosum
23
Q
epidermal layer that can initiate protein synthesis for production of keratin
A
stratum spinosum
24
Q
epidermal layer where cells are arranged in 2-4 layers and filled with keratohyalin granules
A
stratum granulosum
25
epidermal layer that contains high levels of lysosomal enzymes
stratum granulosum
26
epidermal layer where cells are filled with keratin precursor called eleidin
stratum lucidum
27
epidermal layer absent in thin skin
stratum lucidum
28
epidermal layer composed of dead cells filled with keratin known as the barrier area
stratum corneum
29
the time required for epidermal cells to form in the stratum basale and migrate to the skin surface is known as this:
turnover or regeneration time
30
what is the approximate length of regeneration time
35 days
31
what does epidermal growth factor regulate?
epidermal growth and repair
32
a shortened turnover time increases the thickness of stratus corneum and results in this:
callus formation
33
each group of 8-10 basal cells in mitosis with their vertical columns of migrating keratinocytes is called this:
epidermal proliferating unit
34
this epidermal component is a partial barrier to the passage of some cells and large molecules
dermoepidermal junction
35
this epidermal component is a basement membrane with a polysaccharide gel 'glue' that connects the epidermis to the dermis below
dermoepidermal junction
36
this is sometimes called the 'true skin'
dermis
37
true or false.
| the dermis is much thicker than the epidermis and lies beneath it
true
38
this gives strength to skin
dermis
39
this serves as a reservoir storage area for water and electrolytes
dermis
40
5 structures that are found in the dermis
1. arrector pili muscles
2. hair follicles
3. sensory receptors
4. glands (sweat and sebaceous)
5. blood vessels
41
rich vascular supply plays a critical role in _____________ regulation
temperature
42
different receptors in the skin detect ________ & _____________
pain, pressure
43
2 layers of the dermis
1. papillary layer
| 2. reticular layer
44
which dermal layer forms a unique pattern that gives finger prints?
papillary layer
45
which dermal layer is tough yet stretchable and produces leather
reticular layer
46
true or false.
| The dermal layer continually sheds and regenerates itself just like the epidermal layer
false - it does not
47
what structures form scars during wound healing
fibroblasts
48
what are cleavage lines also known as?
langer's lines
49
what is also called the subcutaneous layer or superficial fascia?
hypodermis
50
what connects skin to muscles below?
hypodermis
51
true or false.
| hypodermis is part of the skin
false
52
2 types of melanin
1. eumelanin
| 2. pheomelanin
53
what determines skin colour?
quantity, type & distribution of melanin
54
what releases melanin in packets called melanosomes?
melanocytes
55
type of injection that enters the skin at a 15 degree angle into the subcutaneous tissue
intradermal (ID)
56
type of injection that enters the skin at a 45 degree angle and goes beneath the subcutaneous tissue
subcutaneous (SQ)
57
congenital absence of melanin
albinism
58
produced by the cumulative effects of UV ray exposure
age spots
59
what determines the amount of melanin in the skin?
genes
60
a group of yellowish pigments from food that can also contribute to skin colour
beta-carotene
61
colour changes also occur as a result in blood flow because of this:
hemoglobin
62
bluish colour caused by darkening of hemoglobin
cyanosis
63
if liver is unable to remove bile colour pigment the skin starts to look yellow and is known as ____________
jaundice
64
the yellow breakdown product when red blood cells are destroyed that is associated with jaundice
bilirubin
65
what are the 8 functions of the skin
1. protection
2. sensation
3. flexibility
4. excretion
5. hormone production
6. immunity
7. temperature regulation
8. surface film
66
vitamin d is produced by which function of the skin
endocrine
67
4 sensations of the skin
1. pain
2. heat and cold
3. pressure
4. touch
68
somatic sensory receptors are a mechanism of what function of the skin
sensation
69
surface film/mechanical barrier, keratin, melanin, and tissue strength are a mechanism of what function of the skin
protection
70
elastic and recoil properties of skin and subcutaneous tissue are a mechanism of what function of the skin
movement and growth
71
activation of precursor compound in skin cells by UV light is a mechanism of what function of the skin
endocrine
72
regulation of sweat volume and content are a mechanism of what function of the skin
excretion
73
phagocyte cells and epidermal dendritic cells are a mechanism of what function of the skin
immunity
74
regulation of blood flow to the skin and evaporation of sweat are a mechanism of what function of the skin
temp. regulation
75
what is the control centre for temperature?
hypothalamus
76
homeostasis of body temperature is an example of what kind of feedback loop?
negative
77
what is the name of fine soft hair present before birth
lanuga
78
what is coarse pubic and axillary hair that develops at puberty called
terminal hair
79
where do hair follicles and hair develop from
epidermis
80
5 parts of hair:
1. papilla
2. root
3. shaft
4. medulla
5. cortex
81
(cluster of capillaries under germinal matrix related to hair)
papilla
82
(part of hair embedded in follicle in dermis)
root
83
(visible part of hair)
shaft
84
(inner core of hair)
medulla
85
(outer portion of hair)
cortex
86
the colour of hair is a result of different amounts of _______ in the cortex of hair
melanin
87
hair grows an average of _______ per year
5 inches
88
_________ glands attach to and secrete sebum into follicle
sebaceous
89
what is sebum
skin oil
90
what is androgenic alopecia
male pattern baldness
91
androgenic alopecia is a result of 2 things:
1. genetic tendency
| 2. male sex hormones
92
5 parts of the nail
1. nail body
2. root
3. lanula
4. nail bed
5. cuticle
93
2 types of sweat glands
1. eccrine glands
| 2. apocrine glands
94
these glands are the most numerous sweat glands, distributed over total body surface, function throughout life, and secrete perspiration
eccrine glands
95
these sweat glands are located deep in subcutaneous layer, limited distribution, large, begin to function at puberty
apocrine glands
96
2 types of skin glands:
1. sebaceous
| 2. ceruminous
97
the glands secrete sebum, are found in the dermis, may lead to formation of pimples and blackheads
sebaceous glands
98
these glands are modified apocrine sweat glands, empty contents into external ear canal, produce ear wax
ceruminous glands
99
skin is classified as a __________ membrane
cutaneous
100
this function of the skin is described as an emulsified protective barrier formed by mixing of residue and secretions of sweat and sebaceous glands with sloughed epithelial cells from skin surface
surface film
101
shedding of epithelial elements is called:
desquamation
102
skin act as a sophisticated _________ organ
sense
103
somatic sensory ___________ detect stimuli that permit us to detect pressure, touch, temperature, pain and other general senses
receptors
104
skin is supple and _________, thus permitting change in body contours without injury
elastic
105
2 products excreted by the skin
1. water
| 2. urea/ammonia/uric acid
106
epidermal dendritic cells trigger helpful immune reaction working with "helper ___ cells"
T
107
to maintain homeostasis of body temperature, heat production must equal _______ ______
heat loss
108
chief determinant of heat production is the amount of ________ work being performed
muscular
109
in heat loss approximately 80% of heat loss occurs through the ________, and 20% occurs through the __________ of the respiratory, digestive and urinary tracts
skin, mucosa
110
this method of heat loss is especially important at high environmental temperatures when it is the only method by which heat can be lost from the skin
evaporation
111
transfer of heat from one object to another without actual contact
radiation
112
important method of heat loss in cool environmental temperatures
radiation
113
transfer of heat to any substance actually in contact with the body and accounts for relatively small amounts of heat loss
conduction
114
transfer of heat away from a surface by movement of air; usually small amounts
convection
115
receptors in the _____________ monitor the body's internal temperature
hypothalamus
116
layer of epithelium under nail body that contains abundant blood vessels
nail bed
117
separation of nail from the nail bed is called:
onycholysis
118
nails grow by mitosis of cells in the stratum _________ beneath the lanula
basale
119
average growth of ________ is .55 mm per week, 1 inch per year
nails
120
lipid components have _____________ activity in sebaceous glands
anti-fungal
121
glands found in dermis except the palms and soles
sebaceous
122
function of the ceruminous glands are to protect areas from ___________
dehydration
123
skin that is smooth, unwrinkled, and characterized by elasticity and flexibility, rapid healing, and is few sweat glands is typical in ______________
children
124
skin that has development and activation of sebaceous and sweat glands, increased sweat production, body odour, and acne due to increased sebum production is typical in ______________
adults
125
skin that has decreased sebaceous and sweat gland activity, wrinkling, and decreased ability to cool the body is typical in ______________
old age
126
skin is a major component of the body's ____________ framework
structural
127
skin defines the ___________ environment of the body
internal
128
primary functions of skin are _______________ and __________________
support and protection
129
Identify the two main or primary layers of skin. What tissue type dominates each layer?
Epidermis and dermis. Epithelium dominates the epidermal layer and connective tissue dominates the dermis.
130
The terms thin and thick skin refer to which primary layer of skin?
Most of the body surface is covered by thin skin.
131
How do thin and thick skin differ?
Skin covering the palms of the hands, soles of the feet, and other body areas subject to friction is classified as thick skin. In thin skin, the number of cell layers in each epidermal stratum is less than that in thick skin. Raised parallel ridges are not present in the dermis of thin skin.
132
Identify the 2 main types of cell types found in the epidermis.
Keratinocytes and melanocytes.
133
List the 5 layers or strata of the epidermis
Stratum corneum, stratum lucidum, stratum granulosum, stratum spinosum, and stratum basale.
134
What is the name of the gluelike layer separating the dermis from the epidermis?
Dermal-epidermal junction.
135
Which layer of the dermis forms the bumps that produces the ridges on the palms and soles?
Dermal papillae.
136
Which layer is vascular: the epidermis or dermis?
Dermis.
137
What is the main function of the hypodermis?
The hypodermis forms a connection between the skin and the underlying structures of the body.
138
What is the one means of heat production in the body? In what type of organs does the most heat production occur?
Metabolism of foods. Muscles and glands produce more heat than any other tissues.
139
Name three of the four physical process by which heat is lost from the body.
Evaporation, radiation, conduction, and convection.
140
Identify the pigment that determines hair colour.
Varying amounts of melanin.
141
List 7 functions of the skin
Protection, sensation, growth, synthesis of important chemicals and hormones, excretion, temperature regulation, and immunity
142
How does surface film contribute to the protective function of the skin
The surface film is produced by the mixing of residue and secretions from sweat and sebaceous glands, with the epithelial cells constantly being cast off from the epidermis.
143
List the appendages of the skin
Hair, nails, and skin glands.
144
What are 2 types of sweat glands. How do they differ?
Eccrine: the most numerous and widespread in the body. They are small and function throughout life to produce perspiration rich in salts, ammonia, uric acid, urea, and other wastes. Apocrine: located deep in the subcutaneous layer. They are much larger than eccrine glands and are connected with hair follicles. Apocrine glands enlarge and begin to function at puberty, producing a more viscous and colored secretion.
145
List 2 functions of sebum
Keeps the hair supple and the skin soft and pliant.
146
What substances make up the skin's surface film?
Surface film is produced by the mixing of residue and secretions from sweat and sebaceous glands with epithelial cells.
147
```
The two main layers that compose the skin are the dermis and:
A. superficial fascia.
B. subcutaneous.
C. epidermis.
D. hypodermis.
```
C. epidermis.
148
```
The epidermis is composed of several types of epithelial cells. One type, called keratinocytes, become filled with a tough, fibrous protein called:
A. melanin.
B. keratin.
C. stratum lucidum.
D. eleidin.
```
B. keratin.
149
```
The dermis is composed of two layers, a thin papillary layer and a thick _____ layer.
A. reticular
B. epidermal
C. muscle
D. connective tissue
```
A. reticular
150
```
Each hair follicle has a small bundle of involuntary muscles attached to it called the:
A. smooth muscle layer.
B. microvilli.
C. arrector pili muscles.
D. dermal papillae.
```
C. arrector pili muscles.
151
```
The basic determinant of skin color is:
A. keratin.
B. mucus.
C. melanin.
D. tyrosine.
```
C. melanin.
152
```
Which of the following is not a function of the skin?
A. Sensation
B. Protection
C. Temperature regulation
D. Contraction
```
D. Contraction
153
```
The shedding of epithelial elements from the skin surface is called:
A. hydration.
B. buffering.
C. lubrication.
D. desquamation.
```
D. desquamation.
154
```
Around the sixth month of pregnancy, the developing fetus is almost entirely covered by a fine soft hair coat called the:
A. lanugo.
B. papilla.
C. vellus.
D. sebum.
```
A. lanugo.
155
```
The skin glands include three kinds of microscopic glands. They are the __________ glands.
A. sweat, eccrine, and sebaceous
B. sweat, sebaceous, and ceruminous
C. sweat, eccrine, and ceruminous
D. sebaceous, eccrine, and ceruminous
```
B. sweat, sebaceous, and ceruminous
156
```
The mixed secretions of sebaceous and ceruminous glands form a brown waxy substance called the:
A. sebum.
B. keratin.
C. melanin.
D. cerumen.
```
D. cerumen.
