Terrain Flight Operation (TFO) Flashcards
During mission planning what should be considered when designating ingress/egress routes?
Ingress and Egress routes should always be different if possible
What is the primary determining factor in selection of the mode of terrain flight?
Enemy
When evaluating a hydrographic feature the most important characteristic from the standpoint of visual significance is?
The area size of the feature
A good rule of thumb to use is that “All roads have _____”
Wires
During mission planning what is a good use for aerial photographs?
Updating maps with current information, LZ, PZ and enemy locations
What is the best type of map to use for analyzing terrain and vegetation?
Topographic
What phase of flight is a joint operational (JOG) the preferred map to use?
Enroute
A stream that contains water less than 6 months of the year and has a width less than 25m is depicted by:
Single broken blue line
Define Nap of the earth:
Characterized by varying airspeed and as close the the earths surface as possible (for NVG training, altitude is further defines as wheels or skids 0-25ft above terrain or vegetation)
Define Contour:
Characterized by relative constant airspeed and varying altitude. (for NVG training, altitude is further defined as wheels or skids 25-80 ft above highest obstacle)
Define Low Level
Characterized by relatively constant airspeed and altitude. (for NVG training, altitude is further defined as wheels or skids between 80-200 ft above highest obstacle)
Which of the following would be considered as In-Flight contingencies that may be encountered?
Aircraft emergencies, system malfunction, lost comms, relief on station
The safest place to overfly wires in a non-hostile environment is:
At the wire pole/tower
Regarding the aviation mission planning system (AMPS), is “En-route map updates” a system feature?
No
AMPS information can be generated in what formats?
Electronig and/or printed
When applying the time/distance barrier is it necessary to know that for every 30 knots of airspeed the aircraft will travel _____ pr minute of flight.
1 kilometer
How many types of masking/unmasking are there?
3
Restricted area in View is a dominant factor in that type of terrain flight?
NOE
What are the four types of barriers used for terrain flight navigation?
Linear
Funnel
Point
Time/distance
In a non-tactical environment, what is the safest way to negotiate a wire crossing?
Above the pole of superstructure
When flying “Nap of the earth”, which navigation technique would NOT be appropriate based on the Factor of Geographic Orientation (Timing and sequence)?
Dead reckoning
How many modes of terrain flight are there?
3
What are the types of masking/unmasking?
Lateral
In-flight
Vertical
Why might railroad tracks or other linear features be difficult to see?
Vertical development og vegetation
Can laser be dangerous for a pilot?
YES
What is terrain flight?
Terrain flight is a tactic that uses terrain, vegetation, and manmade objects to mask A/C from visual, optical, thermal, and electromagnetic detection systems
Amps consists of: (5)
2 most important things:
- Automated mission planning
- Battle synchronization
Tactical planning
Mission management
Mission rehearsal
LOS is short for:
Line of sight
Stress factors when flying TFO: (4)
- Increased work loads
- Limited field of view using NVDs
- Reduced visual acuity, viewing distances, and depth perception
- More complex aircrew coordination
NOE is flown with ____ IAS and ____ altitude
Varying , varying
Contour is flown with ____ IAS and ____ altitude
Constant , varying
Low altitude is flown with ____ IAS and ____ altitude
Constant , constant
What limitations are there regarding to Terrain Flight? (3)
- Increased stress factors
- Increased workloads
- Line of sight radio limitation
Primary factor in the choice of mode for terrain flight is:
The enemy
When should METT-TC be considered?
Throughout all phases of tactical operations
At how many degrees do you want to cross major roads, railroads, hydrographic features etc?
at 90*
Avoid planning route segments requiring over ____ degrees heading changes
60
Whenever possible, plan en route altitudes at _____ - _____AGL to reduce risk ans avoid terrain flight hazards
200’ - 500’
Why should you avoid flying over a large field?
Being seen
Why should you avoid flying to a setting sun?
You can’t see
Brightly light areas should not be overflownm, especially at night. why?
NVGs are not suitable for flying in lit condition, and the flare system can activate automatically
VFR sectional scale:
1:500.000
Joint operations graphic (JOG) scale:
1:250.000
Topographic scale:
1:50.000
Air Control point (ACP) should be:
- Easily identifiable
- Associated with heading change
- 5-20 km apart
What is a communications check point
An ACP that requires a Radio call
Check point (CP) is what?
Landmark selected along or adjacent to flight route used to fix A/C’s positions
Identified by a circle on the map
What should you avoid when selecting a CP? (4)
- Near towns that may have grown in size
- Near bright lights
- Avoid using manmade objects as primary points
- Within shadows cast by other features
What is a start point:
Initial point on the route after which the course must be followed and airspeed/altitude should be set as desired for the mission
What is a release point:
The last point on the route prior to reaching your objective
TLOW is short for:
- Tactical situation
- Long-axis
- Obstacles
- Wind
Where should a SP or RP be located in relation the PZ/LZ?
3-8 km from the pickup zone/landing zone to aid timing and navigation. Should not involve significant turning.
What is a barrier
A feature which, when seen, indicates which a ACP, CP, or objective has been overflown
4 barrier types:
- Linear
- Funnel
- Point
- Time/Distance
What is a funnel barrer
To lineal features that cross each other
How far away from the ACP, CP should a barrer be located if possible
3-8 km/nm away
What is a contingency plan?
Backup plan used when objective has not been identified
Pilot duties during TFO: (6)
- Flight
- Sig features
- navigation instructions
- radios
- OPSEC measures
- Crew duties
Co-Pilot duties during TFO: (6)
- Navigation
- Hazard/obstacle avoidance
- A/C heading, altitude, and airspeed changes
- Rally terms
- Radios
- OPSEC measures
What are the in-flight contingencies that may be encountered?
Aircraft emergencies, System malfunction, Lost communications, Relief on station
Restricted area in view is a dominant factor in what typed of terrain flight?
NOE
Essential equipment for the mission:
- Maps
- DOD FLIPs
- Flashlight, NVD, supplementary lightning
How is Vertical Masking/Unmasking performed?
Straight up over the vegetation for no more than 10 sec before down again
How is Lateral Masking/Unmasking performed?
Sideways out from vegetation for no more than 10 sec before being back behind again
How is in flight Masking/Unmasking performed?
While in flight, flying over vegetation for no more than 10 sec before down again
Route selection process:
- Enemy tactical navigation
- Ease of navigation
- Shortest route possible
What are the two conditions of adverse weather that affect terrain flight:
Ceiling and visibility
The CARDINAL rule regarding restricted visibility:
In adverse weather, never outfly your visibility
When may a low ceiling be an asset?
When operating in an area with high enemy tactical air threat
Restricted time in view is when:
Ground features emerge into into view and pass out of sight within a span of <1 min
Oblique view of terrain is when:
Shapes of large features do not appear to the NOE aviator as on the map
Which makes the best checkpints: Small ponds/lakes or Large ponds/lakes?
Large ponds/lakes
Major consideration when selecting an areal checkpoint:
Vertical development
Where should time tick marks be put on a given leg?
As depicted in the local SOP
An objective card gives a detailed overview of what?
The “Objective area”
