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Primate Behavior > Terms > Flashcards

Terms Flashcards

1
Q

torper

A

slows metabolism down when resources scarce

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2
Q

Phylogenic Tree

A

a visual “tree” (cladogram) rep. of phylogeny; reflects their evolutionary history

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3
Q

Primitive Trait (does not mean inferior)

A

the original condition of a trait; trait that has not changed from an ancestral state (indicate last common ancestor)- the original condition of a trait, eg: pentadactyly (five fingers- retained by most primates)

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4
Q

Rhinarium

A

moist naked area surrounding the nostrils in most mammals including strepsirrhini primates; emphasis on sense of smell; absent in tarsiers, monkeys, apes and humans

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5
Q

Derived Trait

A

a new trait or a trait that has changed from an ancestral state ( the last common ancestor) - **key to understanding evolutionary change in primates and other animals, eg: horses have retained only one digit

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6
Q

Family

A

indicated by -ae ending

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7
Q

Primates

A

The biological order that includes humans, monkeys, apes, and prosimians

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8
Q

New world

A

A term referring to north, central, and south america. By comparison, the old world refers to Europe, Africa, and Asia. Distinction is an ethnocentric reflection of the european origin of our modern sciences

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9
Q

Pentadactylism

A

Five fingers and toes characteristic, retained by most primates as Primitive Trait

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10
Q

Prehensile

A

Ability to physically grasp something ie tails

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11
Q

Power grip

A

Strong grip formed by partial flexion of the fingers and palm with counter force applied by the thumb

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12
Q

Precision grip

A

Grip formed by the partial flexion of the fingers and the palm with counter force applied by the thumb

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13
Q

Comparative Model

A

comparing many primate species to understand primate evolution and how natural selection shapes primate biology and behavior

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14
Q

Conceptual Models

A

using traits and patterns seen in nonhuman primates and other animals to understanding human biology and evolution

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15
Q

Referential Models

A

using patterns seen in specific nonhuman primates to understand human behavior, biology and evolution

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16
Q

Primate Evolution

A

primates emerged from nocturnal, tree shrew-like animals during the late Cretaceous; radiated and adapting to numerous environments; use the comparative model, w/ primitive and derived traits to study living primates to better understand human evolutionary, behavioral and biological traits

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17
Q

Primate Biology

A

Life History Consequences; bigger mammals mature later live longer-Humans have longer maturation time, longer reproductive span (menopause), and fewer offspring

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18
Q

Primate Ecology

A

many primitive traits are adaptations to their environment ~ their ecology; includes available food, predators, and other primate groups

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19
Q

Primate sociality

A

primates live in social groups for protection from predators; shared information and access to food; physiological- for warmth, and grooming to reduce parasites

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20
Q

Classification

A

organizing items into categories using some kind of criteria

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21
Q

Taxonomy

A

a particular way of classifying. In biology the goal is to organize organisms based on similarities and differences that usually reflect Evolutionary Relationships

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22
Q

Clades

A

a group of organisms that evolved from a common ancestor and includes all its lineal descendants

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23
Q

Phylogeny

A

evolutionary history/relationships of a particular group of organisms

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24
Q

Derived Trait

A

a new trait or a trait that has changed from an ancestral state ( the last common ancestor) - **key to understanding evolutionary change in primates and other animals, eg: horses have retained only one digit

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25
Q

Clavicles

A

All primates have these bones

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26
Q

Stereoscopic vision

A

Ability to see in 3-D

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27
Q

Binocular vision

A

Seeing with two eyes, eyes are overlapping in fields of vision to provide depth perception

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28
Q

Trichromatic color vision

A

complete color vision, rare among mammals, common in diurnal haplorrhine primates; maybe some marsupials; 3 cone pigments; may help with finding food, seeing predators in thick forest, and species recognition

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29
Q

Bipedal

A

Walking/running on two feet in upright position

30
Q

Olfactory sense

A

emphasis on sense of smell

31
Q

Tactile sense

A

Sense of touch

32
Q

Arboreal

A

Adapted to life in the trees

33
Q

Terrestrial

A

Adapted to life on the ground

34
Q

Diurnal

A

Awake and active during the daytime

35
Q

Nocturnal

A

Awake and active during the night

36
Q

Omnivorous

A

Diet of meat and veggie foods

37
Q

Herbivorous

A

Only eat plants

38
Q

Faunivorous

A

eats animals only - insects & invertebrates

39
Q

Folivorous

A

eats leaves

40
Q

Frugivorous

A

eat only fruit

41
Q

Grooming

A

Pleasurable activity for primates to socialize and form bonds

42
Q

Dental formula

A

Term for quantity of each type of tooth

43
Q

Molar and premolar

A

Used primarily for grinding and smashing food

44
Q

Incisor

A

Used like scissors

45
Q

Canine

A

Used for piercing and tearing

46
Q

Semi-terrestrial

A

Spend most of the day on the ground but return to the trees to sleep

47
Q

Ischial callosity

A

Hairless, callused thick fleshy pads on either side of the rump-may have evolved for comfortable/stable sitting on thin branches/ground during feeding

48
Q

Sexual skin and swelling

A

Swelling that occurs around genital area/rump that’s prominent in females close to estrus; Gelada baboons have swelling on chest instead

49
Q

Tactile pad

A

Skin surface sensitive to pressure, temperature, and pain; found on pads of hands/feet and prehensile tails

50
Q

Sexual dimorphism

A

Anatomical differences between females and males; the result of sexual selection

51
Q

Sacculated stomach

A

Sack-like stomach with enzymes to help digest difficult to digest food ie leaves, colobinea

52
Q

Cheek pouches

A

Elastic cheek “skin” pockets, derived trait, cercopithicinae

53
Q

Adaptive radiation

A

the formation of many new species (or other taxa) following the availability of new environments- many daughter species over time

54
Q

“Sweepstakes” Model

A

Lemurs got to Madagascar via rafting; rodents, carnivorans, tenrecs & lemurs moved from Africa to Madagascar (floating plant vegetation-“island”; possible for small body sized animals possible “torpers”

55
Q

Convergent evolution

A

the independent evolution of similar features in species of diff clades; superficial similarities/similar form/function as result of adapting to similar ecological conditions and niches

56
Q

Taxonomy hierarchy

A

Order (suborder, infraorder) -> family -> genus -> species

57
Q

Life History

A

the pattern and timing of key life events such as birth, puberty, reproduction and life span

58
Q

Neotropical

A

New World; South America

59
Q

bachelor groups

A

all male groups; common in species with one male/multi-female groups

60
Q

Sperm competition

A

females mate w/ many males. If there are many male-competitors, testes are larger, produce more sperm, & increase males chance to produce offspring

61
Q

Sympatric

A

living in same area (eg living in same area (eg forests)

62
Q

Non-utilitarian behavior

A

not necessary for survival - making snow balls

63
Q

“Pre-cultural” behavior

A

ex: researchers left rice on beach, macaque put in water so rice floated to eat faster- other members in group began copying behavior; began with elder female than then went down the lineage starting with the youngest offspring

64
Q

Sexual selection

A

a type of natural selection where females or males chose to mate w/ individuals w/ certain traits; result members of the sexes obtain distinct forms

65
Q

Sectorial Premolar

A

on bottom jaw, sharpens canines when mouth closes

66
Q

Phyletic dwarfing

A

reduction in body size over evolutionary time

67
Q

“Urine washing”

Bushbabies

A

urinating on hands and feet to mark areas- “I have been here”

68
Q

“Sunning”

Propithecus lemur

A

sit w/ white chest facing sun in morning

69
Q

suspensory

Ruffed lemur

A

using feet to hang from branches to reach food

70
Q

prehensile tail

A

only in new world monkeys, can support the whole animal in suspension to access food, has a naked pad to better grip

71
Q

fission-fusion

A

a soc. org. where groups divide into smaller groups (fission) or join back together (fusion) depending on resource availability, maintain communication even during fission (wooly spider monkey); also seen in chimps

72
Q

“Facultative Folivory”

A

can subsist on leaves during lean times but have anatomical adaptations for ripe fruit foraging/feeding (wooly spider monkey)

Primate Behavior (36 decks)

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