Teratogenesis

Question 1

teratogenesis stands for

Answer 1

developmental toxicology

Question 2

abnormal development of fetus/embryo leading to birth defects

Answer 2

teratogenesis

Question 3

agents that induce teratogenesis

Answer 3

teratogens

Question 4

four different types of teratogenic stressors

Answer 4

radiation
infections
maternal conditions
xenobiotics

Question 5

Wilson’s six principles of teratology

Answer 5

1. susceptibility dependent on genotype and environmental factors
2. susceptibility dependent on developmental stage during exposure
3. teratogens have specific mechanisms that lead to pathogenesis
4. the nature of the teratogen determines its access to the target
5. the manifestations are death, malformation, growth retardation, or functional deficits
6. effects are dose related

Question 6

the zygote to gastrula are ____

Answer 6

not sensitive to teratogens

Question 7

after what week can teratogens affect the developing embryo

Answer 7

after week two

Question 8

part of development when organs start to develop

Answer 8

organogenesis

Question 9

Part of development where the developing organism is the more sensitive to teratogens

Answer 9

organogenesis

Question 10

What occurs during gametogenesis

Answer 10

imprinting or gene silencing

Question 11

what occurs during pre-implantation

Answer 11

blastocyst formation

Question 12

what occurs during post-implantation

Answer 12

gastrulation

organogenesis

Question 13

four things that happen during organogenesis

Answer 13

cell proliferation
cell migration
cell-cell interaction
tissue remodeling via apoptosis

Question 14

the process of forming the haploid germ cells or gametes

Answer 14

gametogenesis

Question 15

biochemical changes in chromatin that lead to changes in conformation and gene expression

Answer 15

epigenetics

Question 16

three things epigenetics includes

Answer 16

DNA methylation
histone modification
expression of microRNA

Question 17

what are the three primary germ layers

Answer 17

ectoderm
mesoderm
endoderm

Question 18

it is common for teratogens administered during gastrulation to produce malformation in the

Answer 18

eye, brain, and face

Question 19

the end of organogenesis marks the beginning of

Answer 19

the fetal period

Question 20

what are three characteristics of the fetal period

Answer 20

tissue differentiation
growth
physiological maturations

Question 21

exposure of teratogens during the fetal period is most likely to result in effects on

Answer 21

growth and functional maturation

Question 22

compromises the cell, tissue, and organ level sequelae that ultimately lead to abnormality

Answer 22

pathogenesis

Question 23

8 mechanisms of developmental toxicology

Answer 23

mutations
chromosomal damage
altered mitosis 
diminished supply of substrates
decreased energy supply
altered membranes 
osmolar imbalance 
enzyme inhibition

Question 24

three cellular pathogenic effects

Answer 24

proliferation
differentiation
apoptosis

Question 25

physiological changes in mother during pregnancy

Answer 25

hepatic function: changes in enzymes GI tract changes: changes in absorption Cardiovascular: changes in blood flow excretory and respiratory functions

Question 26

six maternal factors

Answer 26

``` genetics disease nutrition stress placental toxicity exposure to xenobiotics ```

Question 27

plays a central role in influencing embryonic exposure by helping to regulate blood flow, by offering transport barrier, and by metabolizing chemicals

Answer 27

placenta

Question 28

the extent of transfer through the placenta depends on three things

Answer 28

the type of placentation the physiochemical properties of the chemical rates of placental metabolism

Question 29

the passage of most drugs across the placenta occurs by

Answer 29

simple passive diffusion

Question 30

originally prescribed as a sedative to reduce nausea in pregnancy

Answer 30

thalidomide

Question 31

what was the toxicity of thalidomide

Answer 31

causes limb malformations

Question 32

thalidomide causes

Answer 32

oxidative stress activation to free radial intermediate reduced binding of DNA factor needed to turn on genes for limb development

Question 33

thalidomide critical period

Answer 33

20-36 days post fertilization

Question 34

non-steroidal estrogen, used to prevent miscarriage

Answer 34

Diethylstilbestrol (DES)

Question 35

what toxicity does DES cause

Answer 35

vaginal clear cell adenocarcinoma in females | testicular/semen problems in males

Question 36

critical period of DES

Answer 36

first trimester

Question 37

ethanol causes ____ at high doses

Answer 37

fetal alcohol syndrome

Question 38

three deformations of FAS

Answer 38

craniofacial malformation growth retardation reduced intellectual development

Question 39

toxicity effects with low doses of ethanol

Answer 39

loss of birth weight | loss of intellectual development

Question 40

interferes with nuclear receptors causing cleft palate and schizophrenia

Answer 40

retinoids (vitamin A)

Question 41

anti convulsant for epileptic patients that causes birth defects, spina bifida

Answer 41

valproic acid