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Toxicology > Teratogenesis > Flashcards

Teratogenesis Flashcards

1
Q

teratogenesis stands for

A

developmental toxicology

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2
Q

abnormal development of fetus/embryo leading to birth defects

A

teratogenesis

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3
Q

agents that induce teratogenesis

A

teratogens

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4
Q

four different types of teratogenic stressors

A

radiation
infections
maternal conditions
xenobiotics

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5
Q

Wilson’s six principles of teratology

A
  1. susceptibility dependent on genotype and environmental factors
  2. susceptibility dependent on developmental stage during exposure
  3. teratogens have specific mechanisms that lead to pathogenesis
  4. the nature of the teratogen determines its access to the target
  5. the manifestations are death, malformation, growth retardation, or functional deficits
  6. effects are dose related
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6
Q

the zygote to gastrula are ____

A

not sensitive to teratogens

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7
Q

after what week can teratogens affect the developing embryo

A

after week two

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8
Q

part of development when organs start to develop

A

organogenesis

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9
Q

Part of development where the developing organism is the more sensitive to teratogens

A

organogenesis

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10
Q

What occurs during gametogenesis

A

imprinting or gene silencing

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11
Q

what occurs during pre-implantation

A

blastocyst formation

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12
Q

what occurs during post-implantation

A

gastrulation

organogenesis

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13
Q

four things that happen during organogenesis

A

cell proliferation
cell migration
cell-cell interaction
tissue remodeling via apoptosis

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14
Q

the process of forming the haploid germ cells or gametes

A

gametogenesis

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15
Q

biochemical changes in chromatin that lead to changes in conformation and gene expression

A

epigenetics

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16
Q

three things epigenetics includes

A

DNA methylation
histone modification
expression of microRNA

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17
Q

what are the three primary germ layers

A

ectoderm
mesoderm
endoderm

18
Q

it is common for teratogens administered during gastrulation to produce malformation in the

A

eye, brain, and face

19
Q

the end of organogenesis marks the beginning of

A

the fetal period

20
Q

what are three characteristics of the fetal period

A

tissue differentiation
growth
physiological maturations

21
Q

exposure of teratogens during the fetal period is most likely to result in effects on

A

growth and functional maturation

22
Q

compromises the cell, tissue, and organ level sequelae that ultimately lead to abnormality

A

pathogenesis

23
Q

8 mechanisms of developmental toxicology

A 
mutations
chromosomal damage
altered mitosis 
diminished supply of substrates
decreased energy supply
altered membranes 
osmolar imbalance 
enzyme inhibition
24
Q

three cellular pathogenic effects

A

proliferation
differentiation
apoptosis

25
Q

physiological changes in mother during pregnancy

A

hepatic function: changes in enzymes
GI tract changes: changes in absorption
Cardiovascular: changes in blood flow
excretory and respiratory functions

26
Q

six maternal factors

A 
genetics
disease
nutrition
stress
 placental toxicity
exposure to xenobiotics
27
Q

plays a central role in influencing embryonic exposure by helping to regulate blood flow, by offering transport barrier, and by metabolizing chemicals

A

placenta

28
Q

the extent of transfer through the placenta depends on three things

A

the type of placentation
the physiochemical properties of the chemical
rates of placental metabolism

29
Q

the passage of most drugs across the placenta occurs by

A

simple passive diffusion

30
Q

originally prescribed as a sedative to reduce nausea in pregnancy

A

thalidomide

31
Q

what was the toxicity of thalidomide

A

causes limb malformations

32
Q

thalidomide causes

A

oxidative stress
activation to free radial intermediate
reduced binding of DNA factor needed to turn on genes for limb development

33
Q

thalidomide critical period

A

20-36 days post fertilization

34
Q

non-steroidal estrogen, used to prevent miscarriage

A

Diethylstilbestrol (DES)

35
Q

what toxicity does DES cause

A

vaginal clear cell adenocarcinoma in females

testicular/semen problems in males

36
Q

critical period of DES

A

first trimester

37
Q

ethanol causes ____ at high doses

A

fetal alcohol syndrome

38
Q

three deformations of FAS

A

craniofacial malformation
growth retardation
reduced intellectual development

39
Q

toxicity effects with low doses of ethanol

A

loss of birth weight

loss of intellectual development

40
Q

interferes with nuclear receptors causing cleft palate and schizophrenia

A

retinoids (vitamin A)

41
Q

anti convulsant for epileptic patients that causes birth defects, spina bifida

A

valproic acid

Toxicology (20 decks)

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