Other Phase II reactions

Question 1

sulfation is completed by

Answer 1

sulfotransferases

Question 2

what cofactor is used with sulfation

Answer 2

PAPS

Question 3

what are the substrates for sulfation

Answer 3

mostly nucleophilic phenols and alcohols

Question 4

metabolites of sulfation are mostly excreted through

Answer 4

urine

Question 5

can enterohepatic cycling take place with sulfation?

Answer 5

yes

Question 6

two major families of SULT

Answer 6

SULT1 and SULT2

Question 7

why are sulfation reactions inducible

Answer 7

expressed at a certain level

don’t have a xenobiotic response element

Question 8

some metabolites loose the sulfur group creating a more toxic compound called

Answer 8

carbonium ion

Question 9

big difference between SULT and UGT groups

Answer 9

SULT: free floating in the cytosol
UGT: membrane bound

Question 10

pattern seen in peters research regarding fish species and UGT or SULT activity

Answer 10

primitive fishes show low activity with UGT with increasing in UGT from primitive to sharks to rays to bony fish
hagfish have higher activity of SULT

Question 11

describe SULT activity and capacity

Answer 11

high activity, low capacity

Question 12

describe UGT activity and capacity

Answer 12

low activity, high capacity

Question 13

why would SULT have low capacity

Answer 13

the system may run out of cofactors quicker than UGT systems

Question 14

hypothesis for why SULT and UGT developed even though they have some of the same functions

Answer 14

genome duplications could have lead to the development of different enzyme systems

Question 15

cofactor for GSH

Answer 15

glutathione

Question 16

enzyme for GSH

Answer 16

glutathione S-transferase (GST)

Question 17

cofactor for GSH binds what type of compounds

Answer 17

electrophilic compounds

Question 18

what are the four different class types for GSH

Answer 18

alpha
mew
pi
theta

Question 19

toxin found in mold on peanuts, grain, corn, etc.

Answer 19

aflatoxin

Question 20

five characteristics of methylation

Answer 20

minor biotransformation pathway
usually doesn't increase hydrophilicity
inactivation of neurotransmitters
biotransformation of drugs
important for creating organometallics

Question 21

four characteristics of acetylation

Answer 21

biotransformation of aromatic amines
product less water soluble
two isoforms: NAT1 and NAT2
different polymorphisms