Respiratory Toxicology

Question 1

two cell types in bronchial cells

Answer 1

Brush cells

Clara cells

Question 2

Processes for gas exchange

Answer 2

ventilation
perfusion
diffusion

Question 3

active expansion, passive contraction, elasticity, and constriction

Answer 3

ventilation

Question 4

blood flow direct from heart

Answer 4

perfusion

Question 5

affected by fluid (edema) or collagen build up

Answer 5

diffusion

Question 6

three characteristics of pathogenesis

Answer 6

oxidative burden
particle deposition
particle clearance

Question 7

what causes oxidative burden

Answer 7

ROS production from ozone, nitrous oxide, smoke, and immune cells

effects from ETC, biotransformation enzymes, respiratory burst

Question 8

what determines deposition, region, and mechanism for particle deposition

Answer 8

particle size

Question 9

mucociliary escalator removes two things…

Answer 9

mucous-trapped particles

loaded macrophages

Question 10

acute responses in respiratory tract leads to (5)

Answer 10

nasal irritation
reduced ventilation
coughing
bronchoconstriction
pulmonary edema

Question 11

smooth muscle action, restricts air flow

Answer 11

bronchoconstriction

Question 12

release of fluid in alveoli, restricts diffusion

Answer 12

pulmonary edema

Question 13

mechanisms for respiratory toxicity

Answer 13

biotransformation
repair mechanisms
cell signaling pathways

Question 14

biotransformation causes

Answer 14

reduction in ROS using SOD, CAT, AND GPX

activation by phase 1/ phase 2 enzymes

Question 15

repair mechanisms are abundant causing _____but, _____

Answer 15

few cells to die under normal conditions but type II cells can transform into type I and replace

Question 16

COPD

Answer 16

chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

Question 17

COPD causes

Answer 17

bronchitis and emphysema

Question 18

inflammation, increased mucus, less ciliated cells, chronic cough

Answer 18

bronchitis

Question 19

loss of alveolar structure, reduced gas exchange surface

Answer 19

acute toxicity emphysema

Question 20

chronic responses to respiratory toxicity

Answer 20

fibrosis
emphysema
asthma
cancer

Question 21

accumulation of interstitial collagen, lungs smaller and stiffer

Answer 21

fibrosis

Question 22

loss of alveoli, lungs larger and less elastic, smoking, additional immune response effect

Answer 22

chronic response emphysema

Question 23

air way constriction sensitization of immune system

Answer 23

asthma

Question 24

tobacco smoke, fibers, metals

Answer 24

cancer

Question 25

what are the problems with microfibers and macrophages

Answer 25

long fibers cannot be completely enclosed by a macrophage producing frustrated phagocytosis causes an increase in macrophages creating an autoimmune effect

Question 26

asbestosis causes

Answer 26

mesothelioma and lung cancer

Question 27

silicosis occurs from

Answer 27

fibrotic nodules macrophage ingesting particles excretion of cytokines induction of collagen production in fibroblasts

Question 28

from hot cooking oil smoking and reactive with biomolecules (DNA)

Answer 28

acrolein

Question 29

activation by CYP1A1 in clara cells and type II cells

Answer 29

naphthalene

Question 30

very toxic in overdose: general oxidative damage, therapeutic

Answer 30

oxygen

Question 31

plant alkaloid, metabolized in liver, pyrrole causes endothelial damage

Answer 31

monocrotaline

Question 32

herbicide that inhibits photosynthesis

Answer 32

paraquat

Question 33

how does paraquat cause toxicity

Answer 33

mimics specific growth factors for cell division, binds to receptors

Question 34

what happens with paraquat toxicity

Answer 34

specific lung damage free radical formation irreversible lung necrosis, fibrosis, suffocation, slow painful death

Question 35

deposition of particles on the airway mucosal surface is brought about by a combination of

Answer 35

aerodynamic forces and particle characteristics

Question 36

three critical factors in determining how deeply a given gas penetrates into the lung

Answer 36

solubility diffusivity metabolism/reactivity

Question 37

occurs in the upper respiratory tract and large proximal airways where the airflow is faster than the small distal airwaves

Answer 37

impaction

Question 38

occurs when the trajectory of a particle brings it near enough to a surface so that an edge of the particle contacts the airway surface

Answer 38

interception

Question 39

controls deposition in the smaller bronchi, the bronchioles, and the alveolar spaces, where the airways are small and the velocity of airflow is slow

Answer 39

sedimentation

Question 40

an important factor in the deposition of submicrometer particles

Answer 40

diffusion

Question 41

a minor deposition mechanism for positively charged particles

Answer 41

electrostatic deposition

Question 42

confers immediate recognition, phagocytosis, and killing of bacteria and microbes that are in the airway or alveolus

Answer 42

innate immune system

Question 43

involves dendritic cells that take up and present antigens to T lymphocytes or antibody-producing B lymphocytes

Answer 43

adaptive immunity