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Toxicology > Respiratory Toxicology > Flashcards

Respiratory Toxicology Flashcards

1
Q

two cell types in bronchial cells

A

Brush cells

Clara cells

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2
Q

Processes for gas exchange

A

ventilation
perfusion
diffusion

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3
Q

active expansion, passive contraction, elasticity, and constriction

A

ventilation

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4
Q

blood flow direct from heart

A

perfusion

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5
Q

affected by fluid (edema) or collagen build up

A

diffusion

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6
Q

three characteristics of pathogenesis

A

oxidative burden
particle deposition
particle clearance

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7
Q

what causes oxidative burden

A

ROS production from ozone, nitrous oxide, smoke, and immune cells

effects from ETC, biotransformation enzymes, respiratory burst

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8
Q

what determines deposition, region, and mechanism for particle deposition

A

particle size

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9
Q

mucociliary escalator removes two things…

A

mucous-trapped particles

loaded macrophages

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10
Q

acute responses in respiratory tract leads to (5)

A 
nasal irritation
reduced ventilation
coughing
bronchoconstriction
pulmonary edema
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11
Q

smooth muscle action, restricts air flow

A

bronchoconstriction

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12
Q

release of fluid in alveoli, restricts diffusion

A

pulmonary edema

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13
Q

mechanisms for respiratory toxicity

A

biotransformation
repair mechanisms
cell signaling pathways

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14
Q

biotransformation causes

A

reduction in ROS using SOD, CAT, AND GPX

activation by phase 1/ phase 2 enzymes

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15
Q

repair mechanisms are abundant causing _____but, _____

A

few cells to die under normal conditions but type II cells can transform into type I and replace

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16
Q

COPD

A

chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

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17
Q

COPD causes

A

bronchitis and emphysema

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18
Q

inflammation, increased mucus, less ciliated cells, chronic cough

A

bronchitis

19
Q

loss of alveolar structure, reduced gas exchange surface

A

acute toxicity emphysema

20
Q

chronic responses to respiratory toxicity

A

fibrosis
emphysema
asthma
cancer

21
Q

accumulation of interstitial collagen, lungs smaller and stiffer

A

fibrosis

22
Q

loss of alveoli, lungs larger and less elastic, smoking, additional immune response effect

A

chronic response emphysema

23
Q

air way constriction sensitization of immune system

A

asthma

24
Q

tobacco smoke, fibers, metals

A

cancer

25
Q

what are the problems with microfibers and macrophages

A

long fibers cannot be completely enclosed by a macrophage producing frustrated phagocytosis

causes an increase in macrophages creating an autoimmune effect

26
Q

asbestosis causes

A

mesothelioma and lung cancer

27
Q

silicosis occurs from

A

fibrotic nodules
macrophage ingesting particles
excretion of cytokines
induction of collagen production in fibroblasts

28
Q

from hot cooking oil smoking and reactive with biomolecules (DNA)

A

acrolein

29
Q

activation by CYP1A1 in clara cells and type II cells

A

naphthalene

30
Q

very toxic in overdose: general oxidative damage, therapeutic

A

oxygen

31
Q

plant alkaloid, metabolized in liver, pyrrole causes endothelial damage

A

monocrotaline

32
Q

herbicide that inhibits photosynthesis

A

paraquat

33
Q

how does paraquat cause toxicity

A

mimics specific growth factors for cell division, binds to receptors

34
Q

what happens with paraquat toxicity

A

specific lung damage
free radical formation
irreversible lung necrosis, fibrosis, suffocation, slow painful death

35
Q

deposition of particles on the airway mucosal surface is brought about by a combination of

A

aerodynamic forces and particle characteristics

36
Q

three critical factors in determining how deeply a given gas penetrates into the lung

A

solubility
diffusivity
metabolism/reactivity

37
Q

occurs in the upper respiratory tract and large proximal airways where the airflow is faster than the small distal airwaves

A

impaction

38
Q

occurs when the trajectory of a particle brings it near enough to a surface so that an edge of the particle contacts the airway surface

A

interception

39
Q

controls deposition in the smaller bronchi, the bronchioles, and the alveolar spaces, where the airways are small and the velocity of airflow is slow

A

sedimentation

40
Q

an important factor in the deposition of submicrometer particles

A

diffusion

41
Q

a minor deposition mechanism for positively charged particles

A

electrostatic deposition

42
Q

confers immediate recognition, phagocytosis, and killing of bacteria and microbes that are in the airway or alveolus

A

innate immune system

43
Q

involves dendritic cells that take up and present antigens to T lymphocytes or antibody-producing B lymphocytes

A

adaptive immunity

Toxicology (20 decks)

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