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Toxicology > Endocrine toxicology > Flashcards

Endocrine toxicology Flashcards

1
Q

what is endocrinology

A

the study of hormones

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2
Q

four characteristics of hormones

A

produced in glands
transported in blood
interact with receptors
cause change in target cell

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3
Q

major endocrine glands

A 
hypothalamus and pituitary
thyroid and parathyroids
adrenals
stomach
pancreas
gonads
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4
Q

endocrine system regulates three things

A

homeostasis
metabolism
reproduction

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5
Q

two things about the endocrine systems interaction with the neural system

A

endocrine system is slower

works over a longer time period

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6
Q

three types of hormones

A

peptide hormones
steroid hormones
amino acid derived hormones

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7
Q

three characteristics of peptide hormones

A

chains of amino acids
pre-synthesized and stored
water soluble

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8
Q

three characteristics of steroid hormones

A

made from cholesterol
poorly water soluble
no storage

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9
Q

two characteristics of amino acid hormones

A

tyrosine formed into the growth hormone thyroxine

catecholamines: adrenaline, dopamine

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10
Q

hormones are at ___ concentrations in the blood

A

low

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11
Q

hydrophobic hormones need

A

transporters

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12
Q

binding affects biological activity of three things

A

solubility
half-life
storage

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13
Q

mechanisms of action for hormones always involves

A

interaction with receptor

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14
Q

mechanism for steroids and thyroids

A

usually in nucleus, complex binds to response element on DNA to induce transcription

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15
Q

mechanism for peptides, glycoproteins, and catecholamines

A

receptor in cell membrane facing extracellular matrix

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16
Q

keeps the receptor in the correct confirmation for when the hormone is available for binding

A

hsp

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17
Q

peptide hormone action

A

hormone binds to receptor site and protein in the cell gets phosphorylated to activate it

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18
Q

example of hormonal negative feedback system

A

TRH is produced in the hypothalamus to anterior pituitary which produces TSH to thyroid gland which makes T4 and T3 which can feed back to inhibit hypothalamus and pituitary

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19
Q

principle organizers of the endocrine system

A

hypothalamus and pituitary

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20
Q

linked by blood vessels to hypothalamus

releases peptide hormones that regulate other endocrine glands

A

anterior pituitary

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21
Q

extension of nerve cells from hypothalamus, hormones directly released from nerve endings
release oxytocin and vasopressin

A

posterior pituitary

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22
Q

somatotrophs produce

A

growth hormone

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23
Q

lactotrophs produce

A

prolactin

24
Q

corticotrophs produce

A

ACTH

25
Q

thyrotrophs produce

A

thyroid stimulating

26
Q

gonadotrophs produce

A

LH and FSH

27
Q

five things that cause pituitary toxicity

A 
heavy metals
organics
pesticides
industrial chemicals
therapeutic drugs
28
Q

adrenal cortex produces

A

cortisol and DHEA and aldosterone

29
Q

adrenal medulla produces

A

adrenaline

30
Q

sympathetic nerve ganglion produces

A

noradrenaline

31
Q

adrenal cortex hormones are all derived from

A

cholesterol

32
Q

adrenal cortex hormones are synthesized by

A

cytochrome P450 isoforms mostly

33
Q

chemicals that cause cellular damage to adrenal gland

A

DMBA

34
Q

chemicals that inhibit sterdidogenesis in adrenal gland

A

CYP inhibitors

35
Q

blockage of serum binding proteins in adrenal gland

A

NSAIDs

36
Q

adrenal cancer can occur in the

A

medulla

37
Q

thyroxine (T4)

A

inactive form

38
Q

T3 (tri-iodothyronine)

A

active form

39
Q

thyroid binding globulin

A

transporter

40
Q

function of thyroid gland

A

regulation of metabolic rate and oxygen consumption

41
Q

causes excessive hormone production and binding on transport proteins in thyroid gland

A

PCBs

42
Q

inhibit iodide uptake for thyroid gland

A

perchlorate and bromate

43
Q

thyroid mimics bind to

A

T3 receptors

44
Q

three thyroid hormone mimics

A

bisphenol A
PCB 80
brominated diphenyl ethers

45
Q

leydig cells produce

A

androgens

46
Q

DHEA is converted into

A

testosterone

47
Q

testosterone is important for two things

A

spermatogenesis and secondary male characteristics

48
Q

testosterone and spermagenosis is regulated by

A

hypothalamus and pituitary HPT axis

49
Q

wolffian duct develops into

A

testis

50
Q

muellerian duct develops into

A

fallopian tubes

51
Q

release of this hormone stimulates production of sex hormones in gonads

A

GnRH

52
Q

blood sugar regulation

A

insulin

53
Q

blood calcium regulation

A

parathyroid hormone and vitamin D

54
Q

kidney function

A

erythropoietin by kidney

55
Q

circadian rythms

A

melatonin by pineal gland

56
Q

three examples of wildlife effects of endocrine disruption

A

egg shell thinning
feminization of fish
masculinization of snails

57
Q

four examples of human effects of endocrine disruption

A

reduced sperm counts
early onset of puberty
breast/ovarian cancer
hypospadias

Toxicology (20 decks)

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