Endocrine toxicology

Question 1

what is endocrinology

Answer 1

the study of hormones

Question 2

four characteristics of hormones

Answer 2

produced in glands
transported in blood
interact with receptors
cause change in target cell

Question 3

major endocrine glands

Answer 3

hypothalamus and pituitary
thyroid and parathyroids
adrenals
stomach
pancreas
gonads

Question 4

endocrine system regulates three things

Answer 4

homeostasis
metabolism
reproduction

Question 5

two things about the endocrine systems interaction with the neural system

Answer 5

endocrine system is slower

works over a longer time period

Question 6

three types of hormones

Answer 6

peptide hormones
steroid hormones
amino acid derived hormones

Question 7

three characteristics of peptide hormones

Answer 7

chains of amino acids
pre-synthesized and stored
water soluble

Question 8

three characteristics of steroid hormones

Answer 8

made from cholesterol
poorly water soluble
no storage

Question 9

two characteristics of amino acid hormones

Answer 9

tyrosine formed into the growth hormone thyroxine

catecholamines: adrenaline, dopamine

Question 10

hormones are at ___ concentrations in the blood

Answer 10

low

Question 11

hydrophobic hormones need

Answer 11

transporters

Question 12

binding affects biological activity of three things

Answer 12

solubility
half-life
storage

Question 13

mechanisms of action for hormones always involves

Answer 13

interaction with receptor

Question 14

mechanism for steroids and thyroids

Answer 14

usually in nucleus, complex binds to response element on DNA to induce transcription

Question 15

mechanism for peptides, glycoproteins, and catecholamines

Answer 15

receptor in cell membrane facing extracellular matrix

Question 16

keeps the receptor in the correct confirmation for when the hormone is available for binding

Answer 16

hsp

Question 17

peptide hormone action

Answer 17

hormone binds to receptor site and protein in the cell gets phosphorylated to activate it

Question 18

example of hormonal negative feedback system

Answer 18

TRH is produced in the hypothalamus to anterior pituitary which produces TSH to thyroid gland which makes T4 and T3 which can feed back to inhibit hypothalamus and pituitary

Question 19

principle organizers of the endocrine system

Answer 19

hypothalamus and pituitary

Question 20

linked by blood vessels to hypothalamus

releases peptide hormones that regulate other endocrine glands

Answer 20

anterior pituitary

Question 21

extension of nerve cells from hypothalamus, hormones directly released from nerve endings
release oxytocin and vasopressin

Answer 21

posterior pituitary

Question 22

somatotrophs produce

Answer 22

growth hormone

Question 23

lactotrophs produce

Answer 23

prolactin

Question 24

corticotrophs produce

Answer 24

ACTH

Question 25

thyrotrophs produce

Answer 25

thyroid stimulating

Question 26

gonadotrophs produce

Answer 26

LH and FSH

Question 27

five things that cause pituitary toxicity

Answer 27

``` heavy metals organics pesticides industrial chemicals therapeutic drugs ```

Question 28

adrenal cortex produces

Answer 28

cortisol and DHEA and aldosterone

Question 29

adrenal medulla produces

Answer 29

adrenaline

Question 30

sympathetic nerve ganglion produces

Answer 30

noradrenaline

Question 31

adrenal cortex hormones are all derived from

Answer 31

cholesterol

Question 32

adrenal cortex hormones are synthesized by

Answer 32

cytochrome P450 isoforms mostly

Question 33

chemicals that cause cellular damage to adrenal gland

Answer 33

DMBA

Question 34

chemicals that inhibit sterdidogenesis in adrenal gland

Answer 34

CYP inhibitors

Question 35

blockage of serum binding proteins in adrenal gland

Answer 35

NSAIDs

Question 36

adrenal cancer can occur in the

Answer 36

medulla

Question 37

thyroxine (T4)

Answer 37

inactive form

Question 38

T3 (tri-iodothyronine)

Answer 38

active form

Question 39

thyroid binding globulin

Answer 39

transporter

Question 40

function of thyroid gland

Answer 40

regulation of metabolic rate and oxygen consumption

Question 41

causes excessive hormone production and binding on transport proteins in thyroid gland

Answer 41

PCBs

Question 42

inhibit iodide uptake for thyroid gland

Answer 42

perchlorate and bromate

Question 43

thyroid mimics bind to

Answer 43

T3 receptors

Question 44

three thyroid hormone mimics

Answer 44

bisphenol A PCB 80 brominated diphenyl ethers

Question 45

leydig cells produce

Answer 45

androgens

Question 46

DHEA is converted into

Answer 46

testosterone

Question 47

testosterone is important for two things

Answer 47

spermatogenesis and secondary male characteristics

Question 48

testosterone and spermagenosis is regulated by

Answer 48

hypothalamus and pituitary HPT axis

Question 49

wolffian duct develops into

Answer 49

testis

Question 50

muellerian duct develops into

Answer 50

fallopian tubes

Question 51

release of this hormone stimulates production of sex hormones in gonads

Answer 51

GnRH

Question 52

blood sugar regulation

Answer 52

insulin

Question 53

blood calcium regulation

Answer 53

parathyroid hormone and vitamin D

Question 54

kidney function

Answer 54

erythropoietin by kidney

Question 55

circadian rythms

Answer 55

melatonin by pineal gland

Question 56

three examples of wildlife effects of endocrine disruption

Answer 56

egg shell thinning feminization of fish masculinization of snails

Question 57

four examples of human effects of endocrine disruption

Answer 57

reduced sperm counts early onset of puberty breast/ovarian cancer hypospadias