Biotransformation II -Phase II Flashcards

1
Q

three results form phase II conjugation

A

large increase in hydrophilicity
increase in molecular weight
detoxification of activated metabolites

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2
Q

three examples to increase the hydrophilicity

A

glucuronidation
sulfation
glutathione conjugation

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3
Q

two examples of increase in molecular weight

A

glucuronidation

glutathione

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4
Q

two examples that detox activated metabolites but don’t increase the hydrophilicity

A

acetylation

methylation

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5
Q

cofactor for glucuronidation

A

UDPGA

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6
Q

enzyme for glucuronidation

A

UGT

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7
Q

where does glucuronidation take place

A

inside the ER

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8
Q

what organ does glucuronidation take place in

A

liver mostly

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9
Q

substrates for glucuronidation

A

nucleophilic herteroatoms (O,N,S)

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10
Q

used to donate groups to compounds to increase molecular weight and hydrophilicity

A

cofactors

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11
Q

cofactors are ____

A

high energy compounds

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12
Q

endogenous substrates

A

bilirubin
steroid hormones
thyroid hormones
bile acids

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13
Q

compounds less than 300 are excreted in

A

urine

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14
Q

compounds more than 300 are excreted in

A

bile

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15
Q

multiple isoforms of UGT

A

UGT1

UGT2

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16
Q

complete individual genes for each isoform, separate locus

A

UGT2

17
Q

alternative splicing on one gene locus

A

UGT1

18
Q

Beta-glucuronidase can

A

chop off the sugar from a compound and lead to entrohepatic cycling or make hormones active again

19
Q

a series of enzyme catalyzed processes that alters the physiochemical properties of foreign chemicals from those that favor absorption across biological membranes to those favoring elimination in urine or bile

A

xenobiotic transformation

20
Q

biotransformation of xenobiotics is catalyzed by various enzymes and divided into four categories

A
  1. hydrolysis
  2. reduction
  3. oxidation
  4. conjugation
21
Q

in general, individual xenobiotic-biotransforming enzymes are located….

A

in a single organelle