Biotransformation II -Phase II

Question 1

three results form phase II conjugation

Answer 1

large increase in hydrophilicity
increase in molecular weight
detoxification of activated metabolites

Question 2

three examples to increase the hydrophilicity

Answer 2

glucuronidation
sulfation
glutathione conjugation

Question 3

two examples of increase in molecular weight

Answer 3

glucuronidation

glutathione

Question 4

two examples that detox activated metabolites but don’t increase the hydrophilicity

Answer 4

acetylation

methylation

Question 5

cofactor for glucuronidation

Answer 5

UDPGA

Question 6

enzyme for glucuronidation

Answer 6

UGT

Question 7

where does glucuronidation take place

Answer 7

inside the ER

Question 8

what organ does glucuronidation take place in

Answer 8

liver mostly

Question 9

substrates for glucuronidation

Answer 9

nucleophilic herteroatoms (O,N,S)

Question 10

used to donate groups to compounds to increase molecular weight and hydrophilicity

Answer 10

cofactors

Question 11

cofactors are ____

Answer 11

high energy compounds

Question 12

endogenous substrates

Answer 12

bilirubin
steroid hormones
thyroid hormones
bile acids

Question 13

compounds less than 300 are excreted in

Answer 13

urine

Question 14

compounds more than 300 are excreted in

Answer 14

bile

Question 15

multiple isoforms of UGT

Answer 15

UGT1

UGT2

Question 16

complete individual genes for each isoform, separate locus

Answer 16

UGT2

Question 17

alternative splicing on one gene locus

Answer 17

UGT1

Question 18

Beta-glucuronidase can

Answer 18

chop off the sugar from a compound and lead to entrohepatic cycling or make hormones active again

Question 19

a series of enzyme catalyzed processes that alters the physiochemical properties of foreign chemicals from those that favor absorption across biological membranes to those favoring elimination in urine or bile

Answer 19

xenobiotic transformation

Question 20

biotransformation of xenobiotics is catalyzed by various enzymes and divided into four categories

Answer 20

1. hydrolysis
2. reduction
3. oxidation
4. conjugation

Question 21

in general, individual xenobiotic-biotransforming enzymes are located….

Answer 21

in a single organelle