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Toxicology > natural toxins > Flashcards

natural toxins Flashcards

1
Q

natural toxins are found in

A

bacteria
molds/fungi
plants
animals

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2
Q

adaptation of natural toxins through

A

coevolution

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3
Q

plant toxins on skin cause

A

allergic reactions

dermatitis

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4
Q

plant toxins in lungs cause

A

allergic reactions

pneumonia

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5
Q

plant toxins in GI tract cause

A

gasteroenteritis

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6
Q

plant toxins on cardiovascular system cause

A

arrythmia

vasoconstriction

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7
Q

plant toxins in liver cause

A

hepatocyte necrosis

cancer

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8
Q

plant toxins on kidney cause

A

cancer

tubular degeneration

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9
Q

plant toxins on nervous system cause

A

neruotransmission

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10
Q

toxin found in tobacco and used to be used as an insecticide

A

nicotine

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11
Q

toxin found in black pepper

A

piperine

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12
Q

toxin found in jalopenos

A

capsaicin

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13
Q

toxin found in poppy flowers

A

opium/morphine

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14
Q

toxin found in weed

A

THC

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15
Q

stinging nettle has what toxin

A

formic acid

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16
Q

rash that develops from being injected with formic acid

A

urticaria

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17
Q

oily toxin found in poison ivy that can easily penetrate skin

A

urushiol

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18
Q

how is urushiol toxic

A

binds to dermal cells and activates T cells causing an allergy development

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19
Q

natural N-containing bases, both plant and animal derived

A

alkaloids

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20
Q

what type of toxicant is an alkaloid

A

neurotoxicant

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21
Q

toxin found in belladonna and jimson weed that is an acetylcholine receptor antagonist

A

atropine

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22
Q

how is atropine toxic

A

dilates pupils

hallucinations

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23
Q

atropine is an antidote for

A

organophosphorous toxication

24
Q

toxin found in tree laburnam with toxic effects similar to nicotine

A

cytisine

25
Q

cytisine is a

A

actylcholine receptor agonist

26
Q

how is cystine toxic

A

causes respiratory failure

27
Q

toxin found in hemlock and yellow pitcher plant

A

coniine

28
Q

how is coniine toxic

A

muscle paralysis

cholinergic receptor antagonist

29
Q

toxin found in heliotropium, crotolaria, and ragwort that have a bitter taste and protect against herbivores

A

monocrotaline

30
Q

metabolites of monocrotaline are very reactive causing

A

veno-occlusive disease
mutagenic
liver cirrhosis

31
Q

monoterpene oil found in pennyroyal plant, peppermint, and catnip that is essential in perfume and aromatherapy

A

pulegone

32
Q

how is pulegone toxic

A

caues uterine contractions , abortions

33
Q

toxin found in castor oil plant

A

ricin

34
Q

ricin causes

A

severe acute diarrhea and vomiting

35
Q

ricin protein has two domain what do each do

A

domain B anchors to cell surface

domain A causes protein synthesis inhibition on ribosome

36
Q

toxin found in the bracken fern which is a herbal remedy against parasitic worms

A

ptaquiloside

37
Q

what type of cancer does ptaquiloside cause

A

throat and stomach cancer

38
Q

ptaquiloside contains this that breaks down thiamine

A

thiaminase

39
Q

vitamine B1 deficiency

A

beriberi

40
Q

stopc ETC

A

cyanides

41
Q

cyanides found in almonds peaches and apples

A

amygdalin

42
Q

cyanides found in cassava

A

linamarin

43
Q

fungus on rye is an alkaloid

A

ergot

44
Q

how is ergot toxic

A

causes vasoconstriction in extremities and abortion

45
Q

toxins found in mushrooms

A

alpha-amanitin

46
Q

how is alpha-amanitin toxic

A

causes liver and kidney failure

47
Q

toxins are found in animal groups

A 
arthropods
molluscs
reptiles
fish
mammals
48
Q

affect prey cardiac system, mainly to lower the blood pressure

A

phosphodiesterases

49
Q

causes prey to lose control of its muscles

A

cholinesterase inhibitors

50
Q

increases tissue permeability to increase the rate that other enzymes are absorbed into the prey’s tissues

A

hyaluronidase

51
Q

snake venom often contains ____ which are used for breaking down ATP to disrupt the prey’s energy fuel use

A

ATPases

52
Q

puffer fish have this toxin in their skin and intestines which blocks sodium channels on axons

A

terodotoxin

53
Q

how is terodotoxin toxic

A

heart failure

respiratory failure

54
Q

two big microbial toxins

A

botulinum

tetanus

55
Q

extremely toxic and prevents the release of acetylcholine causing paralysis

A

botulinum

56
Q

blocks release of GABA and glycine causes muscle spasms

A

tetanus

Toxicology (20 decks)

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