natural toxins

Question 1

natural toxins are found in

Answer 1

bacteria
molds/fungi
plants
animals

Question 2

adaptation of natural toxins through

Answer 2

coevolution

Question 3

plant toxins on skin cause

Answer 3

allergic reactions

dermatitis

Question 4

plant toxins in lungs cause

Answer 4

allergic reactions

pneumonia

Question 5

plant toxins in GI tract cause

Answer 5

gasteroenteritis

Question 6

plant toxins on cardiovascular system cause

Answer 6

arrythmia

vasoconstriction

Question 7

plant toxins in liver cause

Answer 7

hepatocyte necrosis

cancer

Question 8

plant toxins on kidney cause

Answer 8

cancer

tubular degeneration

Question 9

plant toxins on nervous system cause

Answer 9

neruotransmission

Question 10

toxin found in tobacco and used to be used as an insecticide

Answer 10

nicotine

Question 11

toxin found in black pepper

Answer 11

piperine

Question 12

toxin found in jalopenos

Answer 12

capsaicin

Question 13

toxin found in poppy flowers

Answer 13

opium/morphine

Question 14

toxin found in weed

Answer 14

THC

Question 15

stinging nettle has what toxin

Answer 15

formic acid

Question 16

rash that develops from being injected with formic acid

Answer 16

urticaria

Question 17

oily toxin found in poison ivy that can easily penetrate skin

Answer 17

urushiol

Question 18

how is urushiol toxic

Answer 18

binds to dermal cells and activates T cells causing an allergy development

Question 19

natural N-containing bases, both plant and animal derived

Answer 19

alkaloids

Question 20

what type of toxicant is an alkaloid

Answer 20

neurotoxicant

Question 21

toxin found in belladonna and jimson weed that is an acetylcholine receptor antagonist

Answer 21

atropine

Question 22

how is atropine toxic

Answer 22

dilates pupils

hallucinations

Question 23

atropine is an antidote for

Answer 23

organophosphorous toxication

Question 24

toxin found in tree laburnam with toxic effects similar to nicotine

Answer 24

cytisine

Question 25

cytisine is a

Answer 25

actylcholine receptor agonist

Question 26

how is cystine toxic

Answer 26

causes respiratory failure

Question 27

toxin found in hemlock and yellow pitcher plant

Answer 27

coniine

Question 28

how is coniine toxic

Answer 28

muscle paralysis | cholinergic receptor antagonist

Question 29

toxin found in heliotropium, crotolaria, and ragwort that have a bitter taste and protect against herbivores

Answer 29

monocrotaline

Question 30

metabolites of monocrotaline are very reactive causing

Answer 30

veno-occlusive disease mutagenic liver cirrhosis

Question 31

monoterpene oil found in pennyroyal plant, peppermint, and catnip that is essential in perfume and aromatherapy

Answer 31

pulegone

Question 32

how is pulegone toxic

Answer 32

caues uterine contractions , abortions

Question 33

toxin found in castor oil plant

Answer 33

ricin

Question 34

ricin causes

Answer 34

severe acute diarrhea and vomiting

Question 35

ricin protein has two domain what do each do

Answer 35

domain B anchors to cell surface | domain A causes protein synthesis inhibition on ribosome

Question 36

toxin found in the bracken fern which is a herbal remedy against parasitic worms

Answer 36

ptaquiloside

Question 37

what type of cancer does ptaquiloside cause

Answer 37

throat and stomach cancer

Question 38

ptaquiloside contains this that breaks down thiamine

Answer 38

thiaminase

Question 39

vitamine B1 deficiency

Answer 39

beriberi

Question 40

stopc ETC

Answer 40

cyanides

Question 41

cyanides found in almonds peaches and apples

Answer 41

amygdalin

Question 42

cyanides found in cassava

Answer 42

linamarin

Question 43

fungus on rye is an alkaloid

Answer 43

ergot

Question 44

how is ergot toxic

Answer 44

causes vasoconstriction in extremities and abortion

Question 45

toxins found in mushrooms

Answer 45

alpha-amanitin

Question 46

how is alpha-amanitin toxic

Answer 46

causes liver and kidney failure

Question 47

toxins are found in animal groups

Answer 47

``` arthropods molluscs reptiles fish mammals ```

Question 48

affect prey cardiac system, mainly to lower the blood pressure

Answer 48

phosphodiesterases

Question 49

causes prey to lose control of its muscles

Answer 49

cholinesterase inhibitors

Question 50

increases tissue permeability to increase the rate that other enzymes are absorbed into the prey's tissues

Answer 50

hyaluronidase

Question 51

snake venom often contains ____ which are used for breaking down ATP to disrupt the prey's energy fuel use

Answer 51

ATPases

Question 52

puffer fish have this toxin in their skin and intestines which blocks sodium channels on axons

Answer 52

terodotoxin

Question 53

how is terodotoxin toxic

Answer 53

heart failure | respiratory failure

Question 54

two big microbial toxins

Answer 54

botulinum | tetanus

Question 55

extremely toxic and prevents the release of acetylcholine causing paralysis

Answer 55

botulinum

Question 56

blocks release of GABA and glycine causes muscle spasms

Answer 56

tetanus