Principles of Toxicology

Question 1

the study of adverse effects of chemical or physical agents on living organisms

Answer 1

toxicology

Question 2

trained to examine and communicate the nature of those effects on human, animal, and environmental health

Answer 2

toxicologist

Question 3

the quantitative estimate of the potential effects on human health an environmental significance of various types of chemical exposures

Answer 3

risk assessment

Question 4

fundamental issue of toxicology

Answer 4

linking dose or exposure to response and effects

Question 5

three main categories of toxicology

Answer 5

mechanistic
descriptive
regulatory

Question 6

concerned with identifying and understanding the cellular, biochemical, and molecular mechanisms by which chemicals exert toxic effects on living organisms

Answer 6

mechanistic toxicologist

Question 7

concerned directly with toxicity testing, which provides information for safety evaluation and regulatory requirements

Answer 7

descriptive toxicologist

Question 8

what does REACH stand for

Answer 8

Registration
Evaluation
Authorisation
restriction of CHemicals

Question 9

the responsibility for deciding on the basis of data provided by descriptive and mechanistic toxicologists, whether a drug or other chemical poses a sufficiently low risk to be marketed for a stated purpose or subsequent human or environmental exposure resulting from its use

Answer 9

regulatory toxicologist

Question 10

responsible for allowing drugs, cosmetics, and food additives to be sold in the market

Answer 10

Food and Drug administration

Question 11

responsible for regulating most other chemicals according to a variety of different legislative acts

Answer 11

US environmental Protection Agency

Question 12

established to ensure that safe and healthful conditions exist in the workplace

Answer 12

Occupational Safety and Health Administration

Question 13

ensures that materials shipped in interstate commerce are labeled and packaged in a manner consistent with the degree of hazard they present

Answer 13

Department of Transportation

Question 14

a hybrid of analytic chemistry and fundamental toxicological principles that is concerned primarily with the medicolegal aspects of the harmful effects of chemicals on humans and animals

Answer 14

forensic toxicology

Question 15

designates an area of professional emphasis in the realm of medical science that is concerned with disease caused by or uniquely associated with toxic substances

Answer 15

clinical toxicology

Question 16

focuses on the impacts of chemical pollutants in the environment on biologicals organisms that are mostly non human

Answer 16

environmental toxicology

Question 17

generally refers to toxic substances that are produced by biological systems such as plants, animals, fungi, and bacteria

Answer 17

toxin

Question 18

used in speaking of toxic substances that are produced by or are a by-product of anthropogenic activities

Answer 18

toxicant

Question 19

four general classifications of toxic agents

Answer 19

organ specific
use
source
effects

Question 20

immunologically mediated adverse reaction to a chemical resulting from previous sensitization to that chemical or to a structurally similar one

Answer 20

chemical allergy

Question 21

used to describe this allergic state

Answer 21

hypersensitivity

Question 22

situation when preexposure of the chemical is required to produce toxic effects

Answer 22

allergic reaction

Question 23

refers to a genetically determined abnormal reactivity to a chemical

Answer 23

chemical idiosyncrasy

Question 24

defined as those that occur or develop rapidly after a single administration of a substance

Answer 24

immediate toxic effect

Question 25

occur after a lapse of some time after administration of a substance

Answer 25

delayed toxic effect

Question 26

toxic to all cells in the body

Answer 26

systemic effects

Question 27

specific organs

Answer 27

local effects

Question 28

effects occurs when the combined effect of two chemicals is equal to the sum of the effects of each agent given alone

Answer 28

additive effects

Question 29

occurs when the combined effects of two chemicals are much greater than the sum of the effects of each agent given along

Answer 29

synergistic effects

Question 30

occurs when one substance does not have a toxic effect on a certain organ or system but when added to another chemical makes that chemical much more toxic

Answer 30

Potentiation

Question 31

when two chemicals administered together interfere with each other's actions or one interferes with the action of the other

Answer 31

antagonism

Question 32

occurs when two chemicals counterbalance each other by producing opposite effects on the same physiological function

Answer 32

functional antagonism

Question 33

a chemical reaction between two compounds that produces a less toxic product

Answer 33

chemical antagonism or inactivation

Question 34

occur when the absorption, distribution, biotransformation, or excretion of a chemical - is altered so hat the concentration and /or duration of the chemical at the target organ are diminished

Answer 34

Dispositional antagonism

Question 35

occurs when two chemicals that bind to the same receptor produce less of an effect when given together than the addition of their separate effects or when one chemical antagonizes the effects of the second chemical

Answer 35

receptor antagonism

Question 36

receptor antagonism is also termed

Answer 36

blockers

Question 37

a state of decreased responsiveness to a toxic effect of a chemical resulting from prior exposure to that chemical or to a structurally related chemical

Answer 37

tolerance

Question 38

due to decreased amount of toxicant reaching the site where the toxic effect is produced

Answer 38

dispositional tolerance

Question 39

What are the basic rules of toxicity

Answer 39

1. reach target site 2. in a high enough concentration 3. for a long enough time

Question 40

what are the major routes by which toxic agents gain access to the body

Answer 40

gastrointestinal tract lungs skin directly through injection to bloodstream

Question 41

the material in which the chemical is dissolved

Answer 41

vehicle

Question 42

exposure to a chemical for less than 24 hours

Answer 42

acute exposure

Question 43

repeated exposure to a chemical for one month or less

Answer 43

subacute exposure

Question 44

repeated exposure to a chemical for one to three months

Answer 44

subchronic exposure

Question 45

repeated exposure to a chemical for more than three months

Answer 45

chronic exposure