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Toxicology > Principles of Toxicology > Flashcards

Principles of Toxicology Flashcards

1
Q

the study of adverse effects of chemical or physical agents on living organisms

A

toxicology

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2
Q

trained to examine and communicate the nature of those effects on human, animal, and environmental health

A

toxicologist

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3
Q

the quantitative estimate of the potential effects on human health an environmental significance of various types of chemical exposures

A

risk assessment

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4
Q

fundamental issue of toxicology

A

linking dose or exposure to response and effects

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5
Q

three main categories of toxicology

A

mechanistic
descriptive
regulatory

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6
Q

concerned with identifying and understanding the cellular, biochemical, and molecular mechanisms by which chemicals exert toxic effects on living organisms

A

mechanistic toxicologist

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7
Q

concerned directly with toxicity testing, which provides information for safety evaluation and regulatory requirements

A

descriptive toxicologist

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8
Q

what does REACH stand for

A

Registration
Evaluation
Authorisation
restriction of CHemicals

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9
Q

the responsibility for deciding on the basis of data provided by descriptive and mechanistic toxicologists, whether a drug or other chemical poses a sufficiently low risk to be marketed for a stated purpose or subsequent human or environmental exposure resulting from its use

A

regulatory toxicologist

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10
Q

responsible for allowing drugs, cosmetics, and food additives to be sold in the market

A

Food and Drug administration

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11
Q

responsible for regulating most other chemicals according to a variety of different legislative acts

A

US environmental Protection Agency

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12
Q

established to ensure that safe and healthful conditions exist in the workplace

A

Occupational Safety and Health Administration

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13
Q

ensures that materials shipped in interstate commerce are labeled and packaged in a manner consistent with the degree of hazard they present

A

Department of Transportation

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14
Q

a hybrid of analytic chemistry and fundamental toxicological principles that is concerned primarily with the medicolegal aspects of the harmful effects of chemicals on humans and animals

A

forensic toxicology

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15
Q

designates an area of professional emphasis in the realm of medical science that is concerned with disease caused by or uniquely associated with toxic substances

A

clinical toxicology

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16
Q

focuses on the impacts of chemical pollutants in the environment on biologicals organisms that are mostly non human

A

environmental toxicology

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17
Q

generally refers to toxic substances that are produced by biological systems such as plants, animals, fungi, and bacteria

A

toxin

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18
Q

used in speaking of toxic substances that are produced by or are a by-product of anthropogenic activities

A

toxicant

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19
Q

four general classifications of toxic agents

A

organ specific
use
source
effects

20
Q

immunologically mediated adverse reaction to a chemical resulting from previous sensitization to that chemical or to a structurally similar one

A

chemical allergy

21
Q

used to describe this allergic state

A

hypersensitivity

22
Q

situation when preexposure of the chemical is required to produce toxic effects

A

allergic reaction

23
Q

refers to a genetically determined abnormal reactivity to a chemical

A

chemical idiosyncrasy

24
Q

defined as those that occur or develop rapidly after a single administration of a substance

A

immediate toxic effect

25
Q

occur after a lapse of some time after administration of a substance

A

delayed toxic effect

26
Q

toxic to all cells in the body

A

systemic effects

27
Q

specific organs

A

local effects

28
Q

effects occurs when the combined effect of two chemicals is equal to the sum of the effects of each agent given alone

A

additive effects

29
Q

occurs when the combined effects of two chemicals are much greater than the sum of the effects of each agent given along

A

synergistic effects

30
Q

occurs when one substance does not have a toxic effect on a certain organ or system but when added to another chemical makes that chemical much more toxic

A

Potentiation

31
Q

when two chemicals administered together interfere with each other’s actions or one interferes with the action of the other

A

antagonism

32
Q

occurs when two chemicals counterbalance each other by producing opposite effects on the same physiological function

A

functional antagonism

33
Q

a chemical reaction between two compounds that produces a less toxic product

A

chemical antagonism or inactivation

34
Q

occur when the absorption, distribution, biotransformation, or excretion of a chemical - is altered so hat the concentration and /or duration of the chemical at the target organ are diminished

A

Dispositional antagonism

35
Q

occurs when two chemicals that bind to the same receptor produce less of an effect when given together than the addition of their separate effects or when one chemical antagonizes the effects of the second chemical

A

receptor antagonism

36
Q

receptor antagonism is also termed

A

blockers

37
Q

a state of decreased responsiveness to a toxic effect of a chemical resulting from prior exposure to that chemical or to a structurally related chemical

A

tolerance

38
Q

due to decreased amount of toxicant reaching the site where the toxic effect is produced

A

dispositional tolerance

39
Q

What are the basic rules of toxicity

A
  1. reach target site
  2. in a high enough concentration
  3. for a long enough time
40
Q

what are the major routes by which toxic agents gain access to the body

A

gastrointestinal tract
lungs
skin
directly through injection to bloodstream

41
Q

the material in which the chemical is dissolved

A

vehicle

42
Q

exposure to a chemical for less than 24 hours

A

acute exposure

43
Q

repeated exposure to a chemical for one month or less

A

subacute exposure

44
Q

repeated exposure to a chemical for one to three months

A

subchronic exposure

45
Q

repeated exposure to a chemical for more than three months

A

chronic exposure

Toxicology (20 decks)

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