Carginogenesis Flashcards

1
Q

top three factors that cause human carcinogens

A

diet
tobacco
infection

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

a subset of lesions of the disease

A

cancer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

the autonomous growth of tissue with permanently altered genetic make-up

A

neoplasia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

neoplasms can be ____ or _____

A

benign or malignant

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

mesemchymal neoplasia are called

A

sarcomas

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

epithelial neoplasias are called

A

carcinomas

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

four different causes for formation of neoplasms

A

chemical
mechanical
radiation
viral infections

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

three different stages of carginogenesis

A

initiation
promotion
progression

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

three things about initiation

A

irreversible mutation
suppression of DNA repair
permanent DNA damage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

two things about promotion

A

stimulation of clonal expansion by tumor promoters

inhibition of apoptosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

two things about progression

A

further chromosomal damage possible

conversion of preneoplastic lesion to neoplasm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

mechanisms of chemical carcinogenesis

A

some compounds directly genotoxic
activation through biotransformation
procarcinogen, proximate carcinogen, ultimate carcinogen
activation by free radicals

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

examples of chemical carcinogens

A
polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons
azo dyes 
aromatic amines
aflatoxin 
metals
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

target molecule for carcinogenesis

A

DNA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

mutagenesis involves three things

A

covalent binding
cell proliferation
DNA damage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

nucleotide base with a highly nucleophilic nitrogen

A

guanine

17
Q

can bind t guanine and adenine causing double strand breaks, binding to phosphate backbone

A

R-alkyl groups

18
Q

when adjacent bases link instead of linking with bases of complementary strand

A

pyrimidine dimers

19
Q

when a base is changed so the codon is now a stoping codon in the middle of a protein sequence

A

nonsense mutation

20
Q

when a base is changed so the codon codes for a different amino acid than the original polypeptide

A

missense mutation

21
Q

when a base gets deleted shifting all the codons

A

frameshift mutation

22
Q

repairing DNA by replacing damaged DNA by cutting DNA near apurinic sites that are extended by exonucleases and repaired by DNA polymerase and ligase

A

mismatch repair

23
Q

five non-genotoxic agents

A
cytotoxic chemicals
receptor mediated
hormonal
altered DNA methylation
oxidative stress
24
Q

three receptors that can be activated and activate gens to produce proteins that disrupt cell division

A

CAR, PPAR, AhR

25
Q

often found in tumor cells, few specific codons with specific mutation profiles

A

Ras oncogenes

26
Q

three types of genetic targets

A

proto-oncogenes
oncogenes
tumor suppressor genes

27
Q

functions of genetic targets

A

cellular growth
signal transduction
nuclear trancription

28
Q

what type of alterations are enough to mess with genetic targets

A

point mutations

29
Q

three characteristics of p53 gene and protein

A

tumor suppressor gene
TF for many genes, detects DNA damage
stops cell cycle and induces DNA repair or apoptosis

30
Q

what microorganism is used in the ames test

A

a microbe that cannot synthesize histidine

31
Q

mutagenic compound used in the ames test will…

A

revert the microbe from histidine negative to histidine positive so I will grow on media without histidine

32
Q

limitations to the ames test

A

not all mutagens will revert the microbe back

33
Q

legions characterized by expansive growth, frequency, exhibiting slow rates of proliferation that do not invade surrounding tissue or other organs

A

benign neoplasms

34
Q

demonstrates invasive growth characteristics, capable of spreading not only thorugh the organ of origin but via metastasis to other organs

A

malignant neoplasms

35
Q

agents that interact with DNA to damage or change its structure

A

genotoxic carcinogens

36
Q

agents that do not directly interact with nuclear DNA

may change gene expression, modify normal cell function, bind to or modify cellular receptors and increase cell growth

A

nongenotixic carcinogens

37
Q

genes encode a wide array of proteins that function to control cell growth and proliferation

A

proto-oncogenes

tumor suppressor genes

38
Q

a gene encoding a protein that is capable of transforming cells in culture or inducing cancer in animals

A

oncogenes