Carginogenesis

Question 1

top three factors that cause human carcinogens

Answer 1

diet
tobacco
infection

Question 2

a subset of lesions of the disease

Answer 2

cancer

Question 3

the autonomous growth of tissue with permanently altered genetic make-up

Answer 3

neoplasia

Question 4

neoplasms can be ____ or _____

Answer 4

benign or malignant

Question 5

mesemchymal neoplasia are called

Answer 5

sarcomas

Question 6

epithelial neoplasias are called

Answer 6

carcinomas

Question 7

four different causes for formation of neoplasms

Answer 7

chemical
mechanical
radiation
viral infections

Question 8

three different stages of carginogenesis

Answer 8

initiation
promotion
progression

Question 9

three things about initiation

Answer 9

irreversible mutation
suppression of DNA repair
permanent DNA damage

Question 10

two things about promotion

Answer 10

stimulation of clonal expansion by tumor promoters

inhibition of apoptosis

Question 11

two things about progression

Answer 11

further chromosomal damage possible

conversion of preneoplastic lesion to neoplasm

Question 12

mechanisms of chemical carcinogenesis

Answer 12

some compounds directly genotoxic
activation through biotransformation
procarcinogen, proximate carcinogen, ultimate carcinogen
activation by free radicals

Question 13

examples of chemical carcinogens

Answer 13

polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons
azo dyes 
aromatic amines
aflatoxin 
metals

Question 14

target molecule for carcinogenesis

Answer 14

DNA

Question 15

mutagenesis involves three things

Answer 15

covalent binding
cell proliferation
DNA damage

Question 16

nucleotide base with a highly nucleophilic nitrogen

Answer 16

guanine

Question 17

can bind t guanine and adenine causing double strand breaks, binding to phosphate backbone

Answer 17

R-alkyl groups

Question 18

when adjacent bases link instead of linking with bases of complementary strand

Answer 18

pyrimidine dimers

Question 19

when a base is changed so the codon is now a stoping codon in the middle of a protein sequence

Answer 19

nonsense mutation

Question 20

when a base is changed so the codon codes for a different amino acid than the original polypeptide

Answer 20

missense mutation

Question 21

when a base gets deleted shifting all the codons

Answer 21

frameshift mutation

Question 22

repairing DNA by replacing damaged DNA by cutting DNA near apurinic sites that are extended by exonucleases and repaired by DNA polymerase and ligase

Answer 22

mismatch repair

Question 23

five non-genotoxic agents

Answer 23

cytotoxic chemicals
receptor mediated
hormonal
altered DNA methylation
oxidative stress

Question 24

three receptors that can be activated and activate gens to produce proteins that disrupt cell division

Answer 24

CAR, PPAR, AhR

Question 25

often found in tumor cells, few specific codons with specific mutation profiles

Answer 25

Ras oncogenes

Question 26

three types of genetic targets

Answer 26

proto-oncogenes
oncogenes
tumor suppressor genes

Question 27

functions of genetic targets

Answer 27

cellular growth
signal transduction
nuclear trancription

Question 28

what type of alterations are enough to mess with genetic targets

Answer 28

point mutations

Question 29

three characteristics of p53 gene and protein

Answer 29

tumor suppressor gene
TF for many genes, detects DNA damage
stops cell cycle and induces DNA repair or apoptosis

Question 30

what microorganism is used in the ames test

Answer 30

a microbe that cannot synthesize histidine

Question 31

mutagenic compound used in the ames test will…

Answer 31

revert the microbe from histidine negative to histidine positive so I will grow on media without histidine

Question 32

limitations to the ames test

Answer 32

not all mutagens will revert the microbe back

Question 33

legions characterized by expansive growth, frequency, exhibiting slow rates of proliferation that do not invade surrounding tissue or other organs

Answer 33

benign neoplasms

Question 34

demonstrates invasive growth characteristics, capable of spreading not only thorugh the organ of origin but via metastasis to other organs

Answer 34

malignant neoplasms

Question 35

agents that interact with DNA to damage or change its structure

Answer 35

genotoxic carcinogens

Question 36

agents that do not directly interact with nuclear DNA

may change gene expression, modify normal cell function, bind to or modify cellular receptors and increase cell growth

Answer 36

nongenotixic carcinogens

Question 37

genes encode a wide array of proteins that function to control cell growth and proliferation

Answer 37

proto-oncogenes

tumor suppressor genes

Question 38

a gene encoding a protein that is capable of transforming cells in culture or inducing cancer in animals

Answer 38

oncogenes