Solvents and Vapors

Question 1

exposure to solvents through

Answer 1

inhalation and skin

Question 2

4 characteristics of solvents

Answer 2

small molecular size
uncharged
volatile
lipophilicity increase/volatility decrease with increasing carbons and halogens

Question 3

5 main ways of exposure to solvents and vapors

Answer 3

occupational
dietary
recreational
domestic
drinking water

Question 4

general toxicity of solvents depends on 5 things

Answer 4

number of carbons
saturation of carbon chains
carbon chain configuration
halogenation
functional groups

Question 5

lipophilics act as

Answer 5

neurotoxicants

Question 6

amides/amines act as

Answer 6

immunotoxicants

Question 7

aldehydes are

Answer 7

very reactive

Question 8

hydrocarbons are mutagenic after ____

Answer 8

metabolism

Question 9

unsaturated halocarbons are

Answer 9

carcinogens

Question 10

what can have a large effect on toxicity

Answer 10

small structural changes

Question 11

what is the result of low level exposure to solvents

Answer 11

chronic encephalopathy

Question 12

nonspecific symptoms of encephalopathy

Answer 12

headache
fatigue
mood disturbance
sleep disorders

Question 13

severe cases of encephalopathy can lead to

Answer 13

impairment of intellectual function

dementia

Question 14

rapid short effect of solvent abuse

Answer 14

activation of ligand-gated ion channels

Question 15

toluene activates ___in reward pathway

Answer 15

dopamine

Question 16

acute dangers of solvent abuse

Answer 16

acute arrhythmia

asphyxiation

Question 17

development of addiction

Answer 17

tolerance

Question 18

causes peripheral neuropathies

Answer 18

hexane

Question 19

blood disease causes

Answer 19

liver and kidney damage

Question 20

toluene destroys this in the brain

Answer 20

myelin sheaths

Question 21

a degreasing agent that workers can be come exposed to or found as environmental contamination

Answer 21

trichloroethylene

Question 22

trichloroethylene is a

Answer 22

carcinogen

Question 23

what immunotixic effect does trichloroethylene cause

Answer 23

direct CNS depression

Question 24

two metabolism pathways for trichloroethylene

Answer 24

oxidation by CYP2E1

conjugation by GST

Question 25

major metabolite of trichloroteylene

Answer 25

chloral

Question 26

chloral is further metabolized to

Answer 26

trichloroacetate (TCA)

Question 27

TCA is metabolized to _____followed by _____

Answer 27

TCOH | glucuronidation

Question 28

TCA epigenetic hepatocarcinogen causes

Answer 28

induces peroxisome proliferation suppresses DNA methylation possibly apoptosis inhibition

Question 29

used in dry cleaning and very common in groundwater

Answer 29

tetrachloroethylene (PERC)

Question 30

difference between PERC and trichloroethylene

Answer 30

PERC is more resistant to metabolism than trichloroethylene

Question 31

highly volatile solvent used to decaffeinate coffee and tea

Answer 31

methylene chloride

Question 32

methylene chloride metabolism produces

Answer 32

formaldehyde

Question 33

formaldehyde causes

Answer 33

DNA damage, strand breaks

Question 34

older anesthetic not considered safe anymore, by-product of drinking water chlorination, swimming pool chlorination

Answer 34

chloroform

Question 35

what kind of toxicant is chloroform

Answer 35

hepatotoxic/nephrotoxic

Question 36

what is produced from chloroform by CYP2E1

Answer 36

phosgene

Question 37

phosgene is toxic after this happens

Answer 37

GSH depletion

Question 38

phosgene is a carcinogen that causes

Answer 38

oxidative stress

Question 39

found in gasoline and cigarette smoke

Answer 39

benzene

Question 40

benzene is a carcinogen that causes

Answer 40

leukemia and bone marrow damage

Question 41

benzene is metabolized by ___ in the ____

Answer 41

CYP2E1 in the liver

Question 42

what metabolites of benzene are formed in bone marrow

Answer 42

quinone metabolites

Question 43

quinone metabolites cause

Answer 43

DNA damage and oxidative stress | they are very reactive

Question 44

in paints, glues, and gasoline

Answer 44

toluene

Question 45

toluene is what kind of toxicant

Answer 45

neurotoxicant

Question 46

how does toluene act as a neurotoxicant

Answer 46

dissolves neuronal membranes and disrupts normal signal transduction

Question 47

three things toluene is metabolized by

Answer 47

CYP ADH ALDH

Question 48

is toluene a known carcinogen

Answer 48

no

Question 49

ethanol and methanol

Answer 49

alcohols

Question 50

alcohols are metabolized by what three things

Answer 50

ADH CYP2E1 catalase

Question 51

what type of intermediates do alcohols have

Answer 51

carcinogenic aldehyde

Question 52

toxic effects of ethanol

Answer 52

CNS liver cirrhosis cancer FAS

Question 53

methanol toxicity causes

Answer 53

formaldehyde toxicity blindness cancer

Question 54

also known as antifreeze

Answer 54

ethylene glycol

Question 55

metabolism of ethylene glycol to

Answer 55

oxalic acid

Question 56

oxalic acid causes what toxicity

Answer 56

precipitates in kidney and brain | crystals induce MPT

Question 57

antidote for ethylene glycol

Answer 57

ethanol

Question 58

deicing fluid, food/drug, additive/solvent

Answer 58

propylene glycol

Question 59

hydrocarbon mix of carbons

Answer 59

gasoline

Question 60

gasoline toxicity causes

Answer 60

encephalopathy | death at high concentrations

Question 61

benzene causes

Answer 61

leukemia