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Toxicology > Solvents and Vapors > Flashcards

Solvents and Vapors Flashcards

1
Q

exposure to solvents through

A

inhalation and skin

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2
Q

4 characteristics of solvents

A

small molecular size
uncharged
volatile
lipophilicity increase/volatility decrease with increasing carbons and halogens

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3
Q

5 main ways of exposure to solvents and vapors

A 
occupational
dietary
recreational
domestic
drinking water
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4
Q

general toxicity of solvents depends on 5 things

A 
number of carbons
saturation of carbon chains
carbon chain configuration
halogenation
functional groups
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5
Q

lipophilics act as

A

neurotoxicants

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6
Q

amides/amines act as

A

immunotoxicants

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7
Q

aldehydes are

A

very reactive

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8
Q

hydrocarbons are mutagenic after ____

A

metabolism

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9
Q

unsaturated halocarbons are

A

carcinogens

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10
Q

what can have a large effect on toxicity

A

small structural changes

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11
Q

what is the result of low level exposure to solvents

A

chronic encephalopathy

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12
Q

nonspecific symptoms of encephalopathy

A

headache
fatigue
mood disturbance
sleep disorders

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13
Q

severe cases of encephalopathy can lead to

A

impairment of intellectual function

dementia

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14
Q

rapid short effect of solvent abuse

A

activation of ligand-gated ion channels

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15
Q

toluene activates ___in reward pathway

A

dopamine

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16
Q

acute dangers of solvent abuse

A

acute arrhythmia

asphyxiation

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17
Q

development of addiction

A

tolerance

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18
Q

causes peripheral neuropathies

A

hexane

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19
Q

blood disease causes

A

liver and kidney damage

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20
Q

toluene destroys this in the brain

A

myelin sheaths

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21
Q

a degreasing agent that workers can be come exposed to or found as environmental contamination

A

trichloroethylene

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22
Q

trichloroethylene is a

A

carcinogen

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23
Q

what immunotixic effect does trichloroethylene cause

A

direct CNS depression

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24
Q

two metabolism pathways for trichloroethylene

A

oxidation by CYP2E1

conjugation by GST

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25
Q

major metabolite of trichloroteylene

A

chloral

26
Q

chloral is further metabolized to

A

trichloroacetate (TCA)

27
Q

TCA is metabolized to _____followed by _____

A

TCOH

glucuronidation

28
Q

TCA epigenetic hepatocarcinogen causes

A

induces peroxisome proliferation
suppresses DNA methylation
possibly apoptosis inhibition

29
Q

used in dry cleaning and very common in groundwater

A

tetrachloroethylene (PERC)

30
Q

difference between PERC and trichloroethylene

A

PERC is more resistant to metabolism than trichloroethylene

31
Q

highly volatile solvent used to decaffeinate coffee and tea

A

methylene chloride

32
Q

methylene chloride metabolism produces

A

formaldehyde

33
Q

formaldehyde causes

A

DNA damage, strand breaks

34
Q

older anesthetic not considered safe anymore, by-product of drinking water chlorination, swimming pool chlorination

A

chloroform

35
Q

what kind of toxicant is chloroform

A

hepatotoxic/nephrotoxic

36
Q

what is produced from chloroform by CYP2E1

A

phosgene

37
Q

phosgene is toxic after this happens

A

GSH depletion

38
Q

phosgene is a carcinogen that causes

A

oxidative stress

39
Q

found in gasoline and cigarette smoke

A

benzene

40
Q

benzene is a carcinogen that causes

A

leukemia and bone marrow damage

41
Q

benzene is metabolized by ___ in the ____

A

CYP2E1 in the liver

42
Q

what metabolites of benzene are formed in bone marrow

A

quinone metabolites

43
Q

quinone metabolites cause

A

DNA damage and oxidative stress

they are very reactive

44
Q

in paints, glues, and gasoline

A

toluene

45
Q

toluene is what kind of toxicant

A

neurotoxicant

46
Q

how does toluene act as a neurotoxicant

A

dissolves neuronal membranes and disrupts normal signal transduction

47
Q

three things toluene is metabolized by

A

CYP
ADH
ALDH

48
Q

is toluene a known carcinogen

A

no

49
Q

ethanol and methanol

A

alcohols

50
Q

alcohols are metabolized by what three things

A

ADH
CYP2E1
catalase

51
Q

what type of intermediates do alcohols have

A

carcinogenic aldehyde

52
Q

toxic effects of ethanol

A

CNS
liver cirrhosis
cancer
FAS

53
Q

methanol toxicity causes

A

formaldehyde toxicity
blindness
cancer

54
Q

also known as antifreeze

A

ethylene glycol

55
Q

metabolism of ethylene glycol to

A

oxalic acid

56
Q

oxalic acid causes what toxicity

A

precipitates in kidney and brain

crystals induce MPT

57
Q

antidote for ethylene glycol

A

ethanol

58
Q

deicing fluid, food/drug, additive/solvent

A

propylene glycol

59
Q

hydrocarbon mix of carbons

A

gasoline

60
Q

gasoline toxicity causes

A

encephalopathy

death at high concentrations

61
Q

benzene causes

A

leukemia

Toxicology (20 decks)

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