Neurotoxicity

Question 1

what makes the nervous system so vulnerable

Answer 1

high energy demand
high oxygen demand
unique cell form
high lipid environment
signal transmission across extracellular space

Question 2

what protection does the nervous system have

Answer 2

blood brain barrier

Question 3

cell death of neural cells leads to

Answer 3

neuronopathies

Question 4

neuronopathies result in

Answer 4

irreversible, permanent loss

Question 5

examples of chemicals that cause neuonopathies

Answer 5

doxorubicin
methyl mercury
trimethyltin

Question 6

anti-cancer drug, intercalates in DNA, active in ganglia with less BBB protection

Answer 6

doxorubicin

Question 7

methyl mercury causes what disease

Answer 7

minamata disease

Question 8

massive degeneration of neural tissue, blindness, retardation, ataxia, variety of cellular targets: mitochondria, ribosomes

Answer 8

methyl mercury

Question 9

organometallic, as MeHg

Answer 9

trimethyltin

Question 10

chemical transection of axon, no cell death

Answer 10

axonopathies

Question 11

where is the first place that neuropathy happens

Answer 11

peripheral neuropathy in hands and feet

Question 12

examples of chemicals that cause axonopathies

Answer 12

hexane
carbon disulfide
acrylamide
plant alkaloids

Question 13

activation by CYP to diketone, pyrrole formation causing axon swelling and degeneration

Answer 13

hexane

Question 14

“stocking and glove distribution”, sensory and motor problems

Answer 14

carbon disulfide

Question 15

affect microtubules and axonal transport

Answer 15

plant alkaloids

Question 16

separation of myelin sheets, or total demyelination which affects signal speed and regularity

Answer 16

myelinopathies

Question 17

are myelinopathies reversible

Answer 17

yes in schwann cells of PNS

Question 18

examples of chemicals that cause myelinopathies

Answer 18

hexachlorophene

metals (tellurium and lead)

Question 19

an antibiotic used on premature children, lipophilic

Answer 19

hexachlorophene

Question 20

encephalopathy, damage to endothelial cells, cerebral edema, demyelination, relation with intelligence at low doses

Answer 20

metals such as tellurium and lead

Question 21

what happens with neurotransmission effects

Answer 21

no visible damage but altered behavior/performance

Question 22

multiple pathways of neurotransmission effects (5)

Answer 22

synthesis
release
receptor interactions
transformation
reuptake

Question 23

acetylcholinesterase breaks acetylcholine down into

Answer 23

acetate and choline

Question 24

what amino acids acts as a transmitter

Answer 24

glutamate

Question 25

how does glutamate work as a neurotransmitter

Answer 25

excitotoxin

Question 26

four characteristics for organic solvents

Answer 26

small lipophilic molecules
occupational exposure/solvent sniffing
general depression of CNS
from excitation to sedation to CNS balance