Taxonomy: Taxonomy Slides

Question 1

Binomial Nomenclature

Answer 1

first part of a scientific name is the genus. The second part of the name is the specific species

Question 2

What is the relationship between taxa and animal relation?

Answer 2

The more taxa organisms share, the more closely related they are.

Question 3

What are multicellular organisms are thought to have been evolved from?

Answer 3

Multicellular organisms are thought to have evolved from ancient protists.

Question 4

Bacteria

Answer 4

no nucleus, cell wall is composed of different things, depending on the type of bacteria it is. Ribosomes produce protein, plasmids are smaller, circular pieces of DNA.

Question 5

BACTERIA

What do Plasmids do?

Answer 5

allow for bacteria among different species of bacteria to exchange DNA.

Question 6

BACTERIA

What are the different shapes of bacteria?

Answer 6

• Coccus (Cocci) bacteria are circular/spherical shaped
• Bacillus (Bacilli) are rod shaped
• Spirochetes are corkscrew/spiral shaped bacteria.
  Spirochetes are the fewest in number of Eubacteria.

Question 7

Eubacteria

Answer 7

• unicellular organisms
• cellular (level of organization)
• asexual reproduction by binary fission
• cell wall is made out of peptidoglycan
• photosynthetic and chemical autotrophs, and heterotrophs.

5000 species, no introns (non-coding regions of DNA), unique gene translation, some are motile.

Question 8

Symbiotic Importance of Eubacteria

Answer 8

Mutualism:
- Digestion – strain of E. coli lives in the intestinal tract of humans and aids in digestion.
- Nitrogen fixation – bacteria live near the roots of plants and convert atmospheric nitrogen taken in by plants into nitrates.

Commensalism: Bacteria that lives on skin breaks down dead skin cells and gets food, does not harm skin.

Parasitism: many are pathogenic and cause disease in animals.

Question 9

Ecological Importance of Eubacteria

Answer 9

Decomposers
Nitrogen Fixers

Diseases:
- Diphtheria: bacillus shaped bacteria that releases toxins that destroy throat tissues, breathing problems, heart failure, paralysis and death.
- Tetanus: bacillus shaped bacteria that causes severe muscle spasms, paralysis, death
- Strep throat: coccus shaped bacteria that causes fever, sore throat, swollen glands
- Bubonic plague: coccobacillus shaped bacteria swollen glands, bleeding under skin, death
- Pneumonia: coccus shaped bacteria that destroys lung tissues, breathing problems

Question 10

What was the biggest category to Linneaus in taxonomy?

Answer 10

Carolus Linneaus, the biggest category in taxonomy to him, was the Kingdom.

Question 11

Archaebacteria

Answer 11

a bacterium grows in warm areas, thermophilic (likes warms environments as opposed to thermophobic)

• There are two sub-kingdoms of Archaebacteria
• Unicellular
• On the cellular level of organization
• Cell wall is made of uncommon lipids
• Chemosynthetic Autotrophs and heterotrophs
• Binary Fission/Conjugation is how they reproduce

Archaebacteria are able to perform gene-translation like eukaryotes and contain introns. NON-MOBILE, less than 100 species

Question 12

Symbiotic Importance of Archaebacteria

Answer 12

Mutualism -
- Digestion - Methanogenic bacteria is found in the intestinal tracts of some mammals, such as cows. It helps break down the cellulose in their food and converts it into methane, which is then released by cows. The large amounts of methane that are released by cows are thought to play a small role in the destruction of the ozone.
- Bioremediation – methanogens are also used in sewage treatment plants to break down organic material in sewage that can then be reused as fertilizer.

HOWEVER - there has been no evidence of commensalism or parasitism in the Archaebacteria category.

Question 13

Ecological Importance of Archaebacteria

Answer 13

Mutualism -
- Digestion – strain of E. coli lives in the intestinal tract of humans and aids indigestion.
- Nitrogen fixation – bacteria live near the roots of plants and convert atmospheric nitrogen taken in by plants into nitrates.

Commensalism: Bacteria that lives on skin breaks down dead skin cells and gets food, does not harm skin.

Parasitism: many are pathogenic and cause disease in animals.

Question 14

Understand the shapes of Spirogyra and triceratium.

Answer 14

Spirogyra - spiral ribbon shape
Triceratium - triangle

Question 15

Protista

Answer 15

• Mostly unicellular, but some are able to be multicellular, such as algae.
• On the cellular level of organization
• Pectin or other components such as cellulose make up their cell walls
• Most protista reproduce asexual, however some can reproduce sexually in harsh conditions, such as in the arctic
• Autotrophic and Heterotrophic

Protista have unique cell organelles: gullet, oral groove, food vacuole, anal pore, contractile vacuoles, eyespots, pseudopodia, flagella and cilia (some bacteria have these last two), haploid organisms, and some prostita are mobile, while other can’t move.

Question 16

Symbiotic Importance of Protista

Answer 16

• Mutualism: Trichonympha is a protist that lives in the gut of termites. The protist digests the cellulose in the wood so the termite can get nutrients. Termites would not survive without the protist.
  Termites are born with these bacteria, humans are born with some bacteria in their stomach, but most are obtained by our first feedings.
• Commensalism: Plasmodium, which causes malaria in humans, does not harm the mosquito (the animal vector) that it lives in. The mosquito provides a home and a means of transportation, which helps ensure survival of the species.

Parasitism: a few species are pathogenic and cause disease.
Diseases:
- Dysentery: caused by an amoeba found in contaminated drinking water. Results in severe diarrhea and because it attacks the intestinal wall can lead to bleeding.
- African Sleeping Sickness: vector is the tsetse fly. Causes extreme fatigue and lethargy. It infects nerves cells; lose consciousness, death
- Malaria: carried by mosquito vectors. Causes severe chills, fever, sweating, thirst, confusion. The patient usually dies from kidney failure or brain damage.

Question 17

Ecological Importance of Protista

Answer 17

• Oxygen Producers (Algae produce 70-80% of oxygen in the atmosphere

Used in commercial products
- Toothpaste
- Ice Cream

Question 18

Fungi

Answer 18

• Most are multicellular, some are unicellular, such as yeast.
• On the tissue level or organization
• Chitin is what makes up their cell wall (also found in exoskeletons of lobsters/crayfish)
• Heterotrophs
• Can reproduce either sexually or asexually

Most are non-motile, fungi are diploid organisms. In terms of cellular structure, they are multinucleated. Act as decomposers

Question 19

Symbiotic Importance of Fungi

Answer 19

Mutualism:
- Lichen is a relationship between a fungus and algae (cyanobacteria). The algae provides the fungus with food (nitrates) and the fungus provides the algae with a home suitable for growth.
- Mycorrhizae is an association between plant roots and a fungus. The fungus helps increase the absorptive surface area of the plant roots. The fungus and plants exchange minerals found in the soil by the fungus for organic nutrients synthesized by the plant.

Parasitism: some are pathogenic and can cause disease in plants and animals.
Diseases:
- Athlete’s foot: A fungal infection spread by contact with an infected person. Usually found in between toes because shoes provide a warm, dark and moist environment. Also found in shower stalls if not cleaned regularly. Symptoms are itching, burning and cracking of the skin.
- Ringworm: a fungal infection spread by infected pets (especially cats) or other infected persons by direct contact. Produces a red, circular, itchy rash on skin.
- Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia: a fungal infection that affects the lungs and causes a form of pneumonia. In a person with a healthy immune system, the fungus is controlled. A person with a weakened immune system will be more susceptible. Symptoms are difficulty breathing, dry cough and fever. People must be treated immediately or recovery is severely compromised. Often seen in HIV patients.

Question 20

Ecological Importance of Fungi

Answer 20

• Decomposers
• Antibiotics
• Food Products (Cheese, Mushroom, etc)

Question 21

Plantae

Answer 21

• Multicellular
• Have their own systems, root systems, stem systems → System level of organization
• Cellulose cell wall
• Autotrophic through photosynthesis
• Mostly sexual reproduction, some asexual through runners, cuttings, etc.

One of, if not the, biggest food source for humans

Question 22

Symbiotic Importance of Plantae

Answer 22

• Mutualism: Insects help pollinate plants, insects get food. Hummingbirds do the same.
• Commensalism: Orchids are supported by the limbs of the tree, but the tree is not affected.
• Parasitism: Mistletoe is a plant that grows in the tops of trees and removes nutrients from the tree.

Question 23

Ecological Importance of Plantae

Answer 23

• Food Source
• Oxygen produces
• Medicines

Question 24

Animalia

Answer 24

• multicellular
• Systems level of organization (with the exception of porifera)
• do not have cell walls, only cell membranes.
• heterotrophic (scavengers, predators)
• mostly sexual, some phyla can reproduce asexually, or both.

Diploid organisms, mostly motile except for porifera

Question 25

Symbiotic Importance of Animalia

Answer 25

• Mutualism: Clownfish and sea anemone. The clownfish helps attract food for the anemone and the anemone provides shelter and protection for the clownfish.
• Commensalism: Barnacles grow on whales and provide food and transportation. They do not harm the whale. The remora is a fish that attaches itself to a shark and is transported by the shark. It does not hurt the shark.
• Parasitism: Ticks and fleas feed on animals and remove blood from the animal. The roundworm phylum contains parasitic worms that affect digestion, circulation, etc.

Question 26

Ecological Importance of Animalia

Answer 26

Human Impact
- Pollution
- Deforestation
- Hunting to Extinction