Protein Synthesis Flashcards
What is translation?
When the tRNA lines up on the mRNA after transcription.
Where does translation occur?
Occurs at the ribosome in the cytoplasm.
What creates protein?
DNA Code
What are chromosomes made up of?
DNA
What is DNA made up of?
Genes
What are genes made up of?
Codons
In translation what does the codon connect to?
Anti-codon of tRNA
In translation what shape does tRNA have?
Cloverleaf shape with 5’ and 3’ on the end
In translation what route does tRNA take?
Right direction
In translation what does tRNA have on either end?
One amino acid and one anti-codon
What is an anti-codon?
nitrogeneous bases in tRNA that bind to mRNA
What are the two halves of ribosomes?
Large subunit, small subunit
What are the three binding sites of ribosomes?
E, P, A (Going from left to right)
Where is mRNA located within the ribosome?
Sandwiched between the subunits
How does tRNA assist in translation?
By bringing and amino acid to the ribosome
What does tRNA do?
Matches its anticodon with the codon of mRNA to place the amino acid in the correct sequence
What do chains of amino acids pull?
pull off the tRNA strand and become a protein
What does DNA do?
It makes proteins
What has to happen for genes can receive instructions for creating proteins?
The DNA must unzip
What is gene expression?
When DNA code is used by the cell to make protein
What are genes made up of?
Codons
What is the structure of a codon?
It is a nitrogenous base triplet
What is an amino acid?
One codon is an amino acid (Example: GGA = Glycine)
What is the monomer of a protein?
An amino acid
How many amino acids are there?
20
Can DNA or RNA leave the nucleus?
Only RNA can leave the nucleus, DNA can’t
What does mRNA stand for?
Messenger RNA
What is mRNA’s function?
It copies and carries the DNA code
What does tRNA stand for?
Transfer RNA
What does tRNA do?
It carries the amino acids
What does rRNA stand for?
Ribosomal RNA
What are the steps of protein synthesis?
DNA gene sequences are transcribed into strands of mRNA whose sequences are translated as a new protein is made.
How does mRNA get the genetic code from the DNA?
It comes from the cytoplasm into the nucleus and then travels out to the cytoplasm
What is mRNA’s structure?
It is made of nitrogenous bases that match up with a DNA strand
tRNA is a what?
An anticodon
Can tRNA go through the nucleus?
No, it’s too large
What is the flow of information from DNA to proteins called?
The central dogma
What is transcription?
The process of a gene being made into mRNA
What catalyzes DNA transcription?
DNA Polymerase
How many strands of DNA transcribed during transcription?
1
What is a prompter?
a sequence of nucleotides in the DNA; RNA polymerase recognises it, and binds to it in order to unzip the DNA during transcription
How are the DNA strands unziped in order for transcription to occur?
RNA polymerase and the prompter must bind together and break the hydrogen bonds holding the 2 DNA strands together
What is RNA polymerase’s function?
To bring mRNA into the nucleus and pair it with a DNA strand (To form the DNA strands complimentary mRNA strand)
What happens after the DNA’s complimentary mRNA strand has been formed?
It leaves the nucleus
What are the steps of translation?
1.) mRNA leaves the nucleus and goes to the ribosome near the cytoplasm
2.) tRNA brings the amino acid that corresponds to the mRNA codon
3.) tRNA anticodons and mRNA codons are matched together
What connects two amino acids after translation?
Peptide bonds
