Biochemistry: Organic Compounds

Question 1

Molecular Organization

Answer 1

Atom –> Element –> Molecule –> Compound
–> Cell

Question 2

What is a chemical bond?

Answer 2

attraction that holds atoms together, resulting in different forms of matter.

Example: NaCl - bonded together to create table salt

Question 3

What is a covalent bond?

Answer 3

the sharing of electrons

Question 4

What is an ionic bond?

Answer 4

the gaining or losing of electrons

Question 5

What is a hydrogen bond?

Answer 5

how polar molecules “stick” together. (not a chemical bond) strong intermolecular forces created when a hydrogen atom bonded to an electronegative atom approaches a nearby electronegative atom

Question 6

What are characteristics of covalent bonds?

Answer 6

• Carbon likes to form covalent bonds
• Covalent bonding is found in organic compounds
• Covalent bonds are very strong

Question 7

What are characteristics of Ionic bonds?

Answer 7

• Ionic bonds are not typically found in organic compounds
• Ionic compounds are soluble in water (they disassociate in water/dissolve)
• Ionic compounds conduct electricity when they disassociate
• Ionic bonds are not as strong as covalent

Question 8

*NOT IN STUDY GUIDE

What is an example of hydrogen bonding?

Answer 8

Oxygen has 8 protons in its nucleus, where hydrogen has only 1. Because of the uneven distribution of charges, water is called a polar molecule.

Question 9

What are organic compounds?

Answer 9

molecules that always have carbon-hydrogen bonds

Question 10

What are inorganic molecules?

Answer 10

molecules that do not contain carbon-hydrogen bonds.

Question 11

What are the four categories of organic molecules?

Answer 11

lipids, proteins, carbohydrates, and nucleic acids

Question 12

What are monomers?

Answer 12

smaller molecules from which polymers can be created

Question 13

What are polymers?

Answer 13

created from the formation of monomers

Question 14

What are carbohydrates?

Answer 14

• are organic compounds containing carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in the ratio 1:2:1 (carbon:hydrogen:oxygen)
• are made by plants
• are the body’s primary source of energy

Question 15

What is the monomer and polymer for carbohydrates?

Answer 15

monomer - monosaccharide
polymers - disaccharide, polysaccharide

Question 16

What are some examples of monosacchrides?

Answer 16

• Glucose
• Fructose
• Galactose

“ose” indicates sugar

Question 17

What is dehydration synthesis?

Answer 17

the creation of larger molecules from smaller monomers where a water molecule is released

Question 18

What are polysaccharides are also known as?

Answer 18

starches

Question 19

What is hydrolysis?

Answer 19

the reverse of dehydration synthesis; when any chemical reaction in which a molecule of water breaks one or more chemical bonds

Question 20

How are carbs stored?

Answer 20

–> Animals store excess
sugars as the starch glycogen.
–> Plants store excess
sugars as the starch cellulose.

Question 21

How do you test for carbohydrates?

Answer 21

Benedict and Iodine

Question 22

What are some examples of lipids?

Answer 22

triglycerides, phospholipids, steroids, waxes, fats, oils,

Question 23

What do lipids do?

Answer 23

• long term energy storage
• Hormones and steroids
  (chemical messengers)
• cell membrane component
• water insoluble
• classified as saturated or unsaturated

Question 24

What are saturated fatty acids?

Answer 24

fatty acids with maximum number of C-H bonds

Question 25

What are unsaturated fatty acids?

Answer 25

fatty acids with one double C-C bond

Question 26

What are
poly-unsaturated fatty acids?

Answer 26

fatty acids with many double C-C bonds

Question 27

How do you make a lipid?

Answer 27

glycerol and fatty acids must be joined through dehydration synthesis.

Question 28

How do you test for lipids?

Answer 28

translucent spot on brown paper bag

Question 29

What are proteins?

Answer 29

• Major structural component (skin, bone, hair, etc.)
• Enzymes: control chemical reactions

Question 30

What are the functions of protein?

Answer 30

• Some hormones are protein (peptide hormones).
• Proteins transport or carry substances in and out of cells.

Question 31

What is the monomer and polymer of protein?

Answer 31

monomer - amino acids
polymer - polypeptide

Question 32

What does the R group do?

Answer 32

It makes the amino acids different from each other and changes their function.

Question 33

How to tell proteins apart from other organic molecules?

Answer 33

has the R group

Question 34

How to test for proteins?

Answer 34

with biuret

Question 35

What are nucleic acids?

Answer 35

• Store genetic information
• Help to make proteins
• very large linear molecules
• made up of nucleotides containing C, H, N, O, P

Question 36

What is the monomer and polymer for nucleic acids?

Answer 36

monomer - nucleotide
polymer - DNA and RNA

Question 37

What is the make up of nucleic acids?

Answer 37

• Phosphate Group
• 5-Carbon Sugar (Dexoyribose or Ribose)
• Nitrogen Base